State v. Leota

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE

STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellant,

v.

CHRISTINA LEOTA, Appellee.

No. 1 CA-CR 22-0463
FILED 10-17-2023

Appeal from the Superior Court in Yavapai County
No. P1300CR201900669
The Honorable Krista M. Carman, Judge

VACATED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS

COUNSEL

Yavapai County Attorney’s Office, Prescott
By Scott W. Blake
Counsel for Appellant

DM Cantor, Phoenix
By Courtney R. Sullivan
Counsel for Appellee

OPINION

Judge Paul J. McMurdie delivered the Court’s opinion, in which Presiding
Judge D. Steven Williams and Judge Samuel A. Thumma joined.

STATE v. LEOTA
Opinion of the Court

M c M U R D I E, Judge:

¶1 The State appeals from an order dismissing with prejudice its
case against the defendant, Christina Leota. Because the prejudice found by
the court—emotional suffering and financial harm—is legally insufficient
alone to dismiss a case with prejudice for a Rule 8 violation, we vacate the
order and remand it to the superior court with instructions to dismiss the
charge without prejudice.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶2 In 2019, the State charged Christina Leota with luring a minor
for sexual exploitation, a Class 3 Felony. The State alleged Leota offered or
solicited sexual conduct with her adopted son, Eddie.1 The court scheduled
the trial for June 2020 and excluded “Rule 8 time” on behalf of Leota. See
Ariz. R. Crim. P. 8.2(a), 8.4(a) (The court must try a criminal defendant
within specified time frames, but some delays are excluded from the time
computation.). The court vacated the trial date after the State moved for a
continuance.

¶3 In June 2020, the parties submitted a joint report and agreed
that, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Arizona Rule of Criminal
Procedure 8 (“Rule 8”) deadline should be extended. The court excluded
time and scheduled a trial for December 2020.

¶4 In November 2020, the court heard arguments on motions the
State and Leota filed. After the court ruled on the motions, Leota requested
that the trial be continued. The State was ready to proceed with the trial at
that time. The court denied Leota’s continuance request, noting it was “not
feasible given the backlog of trials due to the pandemic.”

¶5 In December 2020, Eddie told the court that he intended to
invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination during his
testimony at the trial. Because of Eddie’s invocation, the State requested a
continuance to reevaluate the case. Leota objected, but the court
rescheduled the trial to March 2021. The court later continued the trial to
April 2021, when it found the parties were unprepared to proceed.

¶6 Meanwhile, the court granted the State’s request to depose
Eddie and give him immunity to answer questions during the depositions
and trial. Eddie challenged the court’s order in a special action petition to

1 We use a pseudonym to protect the victim’s identity.

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STATE v. LEOTA
Opinion of the Court

this court. E.L. v. Carman, 252 Ariz. 173, 174, ¶ 1 (App. 2021). This court
stayed the trial proceedings, issued an opinion accepting jurisdiction, and
remanded the case to the superior court to reconsider the State’s deposition
motion. Id. at 178, ¶¶ 19–20.

¶7 After the remand, the court rescheduled the trial for late April
2022. Per the court’s request, Leota submitted notice that the last day under
Rule 8 was April 3, 2022. The Presiding Judge later extended Leota’s Rule 8
time until April 26, 2022, citing extraordinary circumstances because of
COVID-19. See Ariz. Sup. Ct. Admin. Ord. No. 2021-187, In the Matter of:
Authorizing Limitation of Court Operations During a Public Health Emergency
and Transition to Resumption of Certain Operations (Dec. 14, 2021) (authorizing
the presiding superior court judges to exclude time from cases due to
extraordinary circumstances caused by the COVID-19 pandemic).

¶8 In April 2022, Eddie notified the court that his counsel’s
emergency surgery conflicted with the trial date. The State and Leota were
ready to proceed with the trial. Because of the medical emergency, the court
rescheduled the trial for June 2022 and again extended Rule 8 time.

¶9 In May 2022, the prosecutor notified the court that she had
developed a serious medical condition. Over Leota’s objection, the court
vacated the June 2022 trial date, again extended Rule 8 time, and scheduled
a pretrial conference for July 11, 2022, which was later moved to July 20,
2022. The court instructed counsel to bring their trial calendars so it could
schedule a final trial date. At the conference, the court rescheduled the trial
for September 20, 2022—the Rule 8 “last day.” Although the State failed to
have its witnesses’ availability at the conference, the prosecutor informed
the court she would contact the witnesses to ensure everyone was available
and would “file something immediately with the court” if she learned of
any conflicts.

¶10 Within a week after the July 20 scheduling conference, the
State moved to continue the trial date because two witnesses had
scheduling conflicts. The motion stated the witnesses’ “travel plans . . . were
scheduled long before the new trial date was tentatively selected.” As a
result, given scheduling conflicts by these two witnesses during “the entire
week of trial,” the State requested “a very short continuance of the
scheduled trial date based on witness unavailability.”

¶11 Leota and Eddie objected to the continuance, and the court
denied the State’s motion. The State moved for reconsideration, arguing
that witness unavailability was a valid ground for a continuation and the

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STATE v. LEOTA
Opinion of the Court

exclusion of Rule 8 time. See State v. Lukezic, 143 Ariz. 60, 70 (1984) (A
person’s absence may constitute an extraordinary circumstance under
Rule 8 justifying a continuance.); cf. State v. Vasko, 193 Ariz. 142, 144, ¶ 11
(App. 1998) (A continuance may not be warranted when a key witness’s
scheduling conflict can be foreseen and avoided.); State v. Heise, 117 Ariz.
524, 526 (App. 1977) (similar). The State also argued, “should [it] be placed
in a situation where it must dismiss the case and refile charges in order to
have its two most crucial witnesses present . . . the State may refile and the
time limitations of [the] rule start over.” The court denied the motion for
reconsideration.

¶12 In September 2022, the State moved to dismiss the case
without prejudice, arguing it could not “effectively and fairly present its
case” without the witnesses. In response, Leota argued that the State moved
to dismiss to avoid Rule 8 time limits. Citing State v. Paris-Sheldon, 214 Ariz.
500 (App. 2007) and other authorities, Leota asked the court to deny the
motion to dismiss or, in the alternative, to dismiss the case with prejudice
because “the interests of justice require it.” Leota asserted the trial’s delay
had diminished the memory of the defense witnesses, interfered with her
household’s financial resources, and caused her family stress and anxiety.
On September 13, because of the dismissal motion and Leota’s response, the
court vacated the September 20 trial. The court stated it would “reserve
ruling whether such dismissal is with or without prejudice until after the
matter has been fully briefed.”

¶13 On September 23, based on the parties’ filings and without a
hearing, the court granted the State’s motion to dismiss but dismissed the
case with prejudice. The court found that the State moved to dismiss to
avoid Rule 8 time limits, and the “last day” was September 20. To determine
the remedy, the superior court looked to caselaw addressing Sixth
Amendment speedy trial rights (as argued by Leota) and considered the
length of the trial delay, Leota’s assertion of her rights, the reason for the
delay, and prejudice to Leota. See Doggett v. United States, 505 U.S. 647, 651
(1992); Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 530 (1972). The court found that the
case had been pending for over three years, the delays were attributable to
both parties, and Leota asserted her speedy trial rights by objecting to the
continuance.

¶14 The court also found Leota suffered prejudice from the case’s
delay. It noted Leota financially suffered because she needed to live outside
her home and pay for a second residence, and her husband had to reduce
his work to assume all childcare responsibilities. Also, Leota “had the
financial burden of paying counsel to represent her throughout these

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STATE v. LEOTA
Opinion of the Court

greater than 3 years” and “suffered the emotional stress that accompanies
any legal matter, especially one involving criminal charges.” The court
made no finding about Leota’s general allegation that the delay had
diminished the witnesses’ recollections. Finding that the interests of justice
required dismissal with prejudice, the court so ordered.

¶15 The State appealed. We have jurisdiction under A.R.S.
§§ 12-120.21(A)(1) and 13-4032(1).

DISCUSSION

¶16 We review the court’s ruling on a motion to dismiss for abuse
of discretion. State v. Spreitz, 190 Ariz. 129, 136 (1997); State v. Gilbert, 172
Ariz. 402, 404 (App. 1991). The court abuses its discretion if it commits a
legal error when reaching its decision or if the record does not substantially
support the decision. State v. Cowles, 207 Ariz. 8, 9, ¶ 3 (App. 2004); Files v.
Bernal, 200 Ariz. 64, 65, ¶ 2 (App. 2001).

¶17 The United States and Arizona Constitutions give the accused
the right to a speedy trial in a criminal prosecution. U.S. Const. amend. VI;
Ariz. Const. art. 2, § 24. Through Rule 8, Arizona “provide[s] for stricter
speedy trial requirements than those provided by . . . the United States
Constitution.” State ex rel. Berger v. Superior Court, 111 Ariz. 335, 339 (1974).
See generally Ariz. R. Crim. P. 8.1–8.7. Thus, the remedy for a Rule 8 violation
differs from a constitutional speedy trial violation. Berger, 111 Ariz. at 339;
see also State v. Lee, 185 Ariz. 549, 556 (1996) (“[T]he violation of a procedural
rule designed to safeguard a constitutional right is not necessarily the same
thing as a violation of the right itself.”). This case implicates Leota’s
procedural rights under Rule 8, not her constitutional speedy trial rights
under the Sixth Amendment.

A. The Superior Court Did Not Abuse Its Discretion by Finding the
State Moved to Dismiss to Avoid Rule 8.

¶18 Rule 16.4 governs dismissals of prosecutions, and part (a)
“provides the general circumstances under which the state may move for
dismissal.” State v. Huffman, 222 Ariz. 416, 420, ¶ 10, n.3 (App. 2009). “On
the State’s motion and for good cause, the court may order a prosecution
dismissed without prejudice if it finds that the dismissal is not to avoid Rule
8 time limits.” Ariz. R. Crim. P. 16.4(a). The Rule reflects the policy that a
case may not be dropped at the prosecutor’s discretion “but only by order
of the court.” Ariz. R. Crim. P. 16.6(a) cmt. (2017) (replaced with Rule 16.4

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STATE v. LEOTA
Opinion of the Court

in 2018);2 see also Earl v. Garcia, 234 Ariz. 577, 577, ¶ 1 (App. 2014) (The
previous version of Rule 16.4(a) “precludes the prosecution from
voluntarily dismissing a charge to avoid the Rule 8 deadline.”).

¶19 Rule 16.4(a) is silent on what the court may do if it finds the
State is trying to avoid Rule 8. But we have held that the rule does not require
the court to dismiss the case with prejudice if it finds the State moved to
dismiss to avoid Rule 8 and instead must deny the State’s motion to dismiss
altogether and proceed with the trial. See Paris-Sheldon, 214 Ariz. at 508,
¶ 23.

¶20 Here, the State argues that it did not move to dismiss to avoid
Rule 8 but because it could not present its case given the unavailability of
two necessary witnesses. The superior court cited the State’s motion for
reconsideration to support its finding that the State sought to avoid Rule 8.
The State’s motion for reconsideration stated it could seek dismissal of the
case and refile the charges, which would restart the Rule 8 clock for trial.
Though the State may have had other reasons for moving to dismiss, there
was enough record evidence for the superior court to conclude that the
State moved to dismiss, at least in part, to avoid Rule 8. Cf. Cornell v. Superior
Court, 160 Ariz. 1, 3 (1989). Thus, the State has shown no error in the
superior court’s finding that the motion to dismiss was to avoid Rule 8. See
Cowles, 207 Ariz. at 9, ¶ 3.

B. The Superior Court Abused Its Discretion by Dismissing the Case
with Prejudice.

¶21 Because the State moved to dismiss to avoid Rule 8, the court
should have denied the State’s Rule 16.4(a) motion and directed the parties
to proceed with the trial. See Paris-Sheldon, 214 Ariz. at 508, ¶ 23. But after
the court vacated the parties’ trial date, a Rule 8 violation occurred. Thus,
we examine whether the court could dismiss the case with prejudice under
Rules 8 and 16.4(d).

2 Effective January 1, 2018, the rules of criminal procedure were
restyled. Order Amending the Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure, Ariz.
Sup. Ct. No. R-17-0002 (Aug. 31, 2017). The changes to Rule 16 appear
stylistic, not substantive. See Petition to Amend the Arizona Rules of
Criminal Procedure app. B, Ariz. Sup. Ct. No. R-17-0002 (Jan. 8, 2017),
available at https://www.azcourts.gov/Rules-Forum/aft/661 (download
Appendix B and view page 29).

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STATE v. LEOTA
Opinion of the Court

¶22 If a court finds a Rule 8 violation has occurred, the court must
dismiss the case, but the dismissal may be either “with or without
prejudice.” Ariz. R. Crim. P. 8.6. Unlike the speedy trial guarantee under
the Sixth Amendment, the Rule 8 speedy trial right is a procedural, not a
constitutional or fundamental, right. See Spreitz, 190 Ariz. at 139. Not every
Rule 8 violation or attempt to avoid Rule 8 requires dismissal with
prejudice. State v. Garcia, 170 Ariz. 245, 248 (App. 1991) (“A violation of the
time limits of Rule 8 does not mandate a dismissal with prejudice. . . . [N]ot
every attempt to avoid an impending time limit merits dismissal with
prejudice.”); accord Berger, 111 Ariz. at 340 (When there is a Rule 8 violation,
the court may “dismiss with prejudice or without prejudice depending
upon the facts of the case.”).

¶23 Rule 8.6 gives no guidelines for whether dismissal should be
with or without prejudice. State v. Tucker, 133 Ariz. 304, 307 (1982). But Rule
16.4(d) instructs that dismissal of a prosecution is without prejudice “unless
the court finds that the interests of justice require” dismissal with prejudice.
Rule 16.4(d) “applies broadly to all dismissals.” Huffman, 222 Ariz. at 420,
¶ 10. The same considerations discussed in cases construing Rule 16.4(d)
and its predecessor govern whether a Rule 8 dismissal should be with or
without prejudice. Garcia, 170 Ariz. at 248. Thus, “if the defendant can show
that the state delayed for the purpose of gaining a tactical advantage over
him or to harass him, and if he can show that he actually suffered prejudice
as a result of the state’s conduct, a dismissal with prejudice would be
justified.” Id.

¶24 Factors from the Sixth Amendment caselaw may also guide
the decision to dismiss with or without prejudice. See Tucker, 133 Ariz. at
308. When addressing a Sixth Amendment speedy trial claim, a court
considers “[l]ength of delay, the reason for the delay, the defendant’s
assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant.” Barker, 407 U.S. at
530; see also Doggett, 505 U.S. at 651. The reason for the delay and prejudice
to the defendant are “helpful guidelines” in deciding whether a Rule 8
dismissal should be with or without prejudice. Tucker, 133 Ariz. at 308. But
again, the “determinative factor is whether the delay resulted in prejudice”
to the defendant. State ex rel. DeConcini v. Superior Court, 25 Ariz. App. 173,
175 (1975); see also State v. Hannah, 118 Ariz. 610, 611 (App. 1978) (same);
Gilbert, 172 Ariz. at 404 (“The most important factor to consider in whether
a dismissal should be with or without prejudice is whether delay in the
prosecution will result in prejudice to the defendant.”); State v. Mendoza, 170
Ariz. 184, 192 (1992) (“The dismissal may be with prejudice if the defendant
can show that he was actually prejudiced by the delay.”); State v. Wills, 177

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STATE v. LEOTA
Opinion of the Court

Ariz. 592, 594 (App. 1993) (Dismissal with prejudice requires a showing that
“to do otherwise would result in some articulable harm to the defendant.”).

¶25 The record here does not support dismissal with prejudice for
the Rule 8 violation. The superior court did not find, and Leota did not
argue, that the State moved to dismiss to obtain a tactical advantage or
harass Leota. See Garcia, 170 Ariz. at 248. Likewise, the superior court found
that both parties were just as responsible for the trial delay and that the
COVID-19 pandemic also contributed. Substantial record evidence
supports these findings. See Cowles, 207 Ariz. at 9, ¶ 3. Although Leota
objected to some of the State’s continuance requests, the court also excluded
Rule 8 time and continued the trial on Leota’s behalf. And there is no
argument that any of the court’s Rule 8 exclusions were improper.

¶26 Critically, Leota failed to show that she “actually suffered
prejudice as a result” of the Rule 8 violation. Garcia, 170 Ariz. at 248. The
court found that the trial delay harmed Leota financially and emotionally.
Financial expenses and emotional suffering alone do not satisfy the
showing needed to justify dismissal with prejudice for a Rule 8 violation.
See DeConcini, 25 Ariz. App. at 175. Although anxiety and stress may be
factors in determining whether a constitutional violation occurred, they are
insufficient on their own to establish prejudice under Rule 8. See State v.
Wassenaar, 215 Ariz. 565, 572, ¶ 20 (App. 2007) (The defendant’s claim he
was under “undue anxiety and stress” could not, without more, show
prejudice under Rule 8 or the United States Constitution when he “never
argued that the delay caused him to be subject to prolonged confinement,
that he was unable to fully investigate his case, that he could not adequately
prepare for trial, that he was unable to locate evidence or witnesses, that he
lost the opportunity to present any evidence or testimony or that he
otherwise could not present his entire defense as intended.”); see also Spreitz,
190 Ariz. at 140 (“While five years in custody may have increased
defendant’s anxiety quotient, we find, on the entire record, that the delay
did not prejudice his ability to defend against the state’s claims.”).

¶27 Prejudice under Rule 8 occurs if the defendant shows that the
delay impairs his or her ability to defend against the State’s charges. See
Wassenaar, 215 Ariz. at 571, ¶ 16; In re Arnulfo G., 205 Ariz. 389, 391, ¶ 9
(App. 2003). A defendant “must show that he was prejudiced by being
prevented from presenting some defense, rather than by the state’s being
allowed to make its case.” State v. Zuck, 134 Ariz. 509, 515 (1982); see also
Vasko, 193 Ariz. at 147, ¶ 22 (It is not enough for the defendant to argue
“that the state may not have made its case had the trial proceeded without”
delay.).

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STATE v. LEOTA
Opinion of the Court

¶28 Leota argues on appeal that trial delay decreases the
likelihood that the witnesses will testify accurately if the State refiles the
charges. As Leota made only general allegations that witnesses’ memories
deteriorate over time, the superior court focused only on Leota’s emotional
and financial suffering.

¶29 We cannot affirm the dismissal with prejudice because
Leota’s witness-recollection argument is insufficient to establish prejudice.
This is not to say that the actual loss of a witness or a witness’s recollection
would not constitute cognizable prejudice in other cases or that Leota
cannot raise a preindictment delay claim based on memory loss if the State
reindicts her. United States v. Cornielle, 171 F.3d 748, 752 (2d Cir. 1999)
(Preindictment prejudice “is commonly demonstrated by the loss of
documentary evidence or the unavailability of a key witness.”); cf. United
States v. Sturdy, 207 F.3d 448, 452 (8th Cir. 2000) (It is not sufficient for a
defendant to make speculative or conclusory claims of possible prejudice
because of the passage of time.) But here, Leota failed to argue or show how
a witness’s specific memory loss harmed her defense. See State v. Broughton, 156 Ariz. 394, 398 (1988) (“In essence, defendant’s argument amounts to
nothing more than an assertion that some of the witnesses may have had
diminished recollections by reason of the passage of time. Courts
consistently hold that diminished recollection by witnesses does not, by
itself, constitute the type of substantial prejudice warranting a finding of a
due process violation.”); Wills, 177 Ariz. at 594-95; State v. Dunlap, 187 Ariz.
441, 451 (App. 1996); see also State v. Youngblood, 173 Ariz. 502, 507 (1993)
(The mere possibility of prejudice is insufficient.). Moreover, Leota’s
argument about general witness memory loss could be made in every case,
meaning that (contrary to the Rule’s mandate) all Rule 8 violations would
lead to a dismissal with prejudice.

¶30 Because its prejudice findings were insufficient under Rule 8,
the superior court erred by dismissing the case with prejudice.

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STATE v. LEOTA
Opinion of the Court

CONCLUSION

¶31 We vacate the superior court’s order of dismissal with
prejudice and remand to the superior court with instructions to dismiss the
case against Leota without prejudice.

AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: JT

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