Johnson v. Espinoza

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE

In re the Matter of:

BROOK LYNN JOHNSON, Petitioner/Appellant,

v.

GREGORY SEAN ESPINOZA, Respondent/Appellee.

No. 1 CA-CV 19-0426 FC
FILED 7-14-2020

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. FC2016-007709
The Honorable Justin Beresky, Judge

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

Corl Law Practice, P.L.L.C., Maricopa
By Robert D. Corl
Counsel for Petitioner/Appellant
 JOHNSON v. ESPINOZA
Decision of the Court

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Judge Lawrence F. Winthrop1 delivered the decision of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Michael J. Brown and Judge D. Steven Williams joined.

W I N T H R O P, Judge:

¶1 Brook Lynn Johnson (“Mother”) appeals the family court’s
post-judgment order modifying legal decision-making authority and
parenting time as to her child, born in 2014 (“Child”). For the following
reasons, we affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2 In September 2016, the State brought an action to establish a
child support obligation for Gregory Sean Espinoza (“Father”).2 The family
court ordered the child support obligation in November 2016, after Father’s
paternity was established by voluntary acknowledgment. Ariz. Rev. Stat.
(“A.R.S.”) § 25-812.

¶3 In December 2016, Father filed a petition to establish legal
decision-making authority and parenting time for Child and to modify the
child support obligation set in November 2016. In July 2017, the family
court—after holding an evidentiary hearing and considering Child’s best
interests—awarded Mother and Father joint legal decision-making
authority over Child. In its best-interests analysis, the family court noted
that “Mother d[id] not seem very interested in Father being involved in
[Child]’s life” because up until this point “Father had limited contact with
[Child] since his birth.” Nonetheless, the court recognized that Father
sought a “closer relationship with [Child] and d[id] not want to hinder any
relationship between Mother and [Child].” But, “[a]s a result of the limited

1 Judge Winthrop replaces the Honorable Kenton D. Jones, who was
originally assigned to this panel. Judge Winthrop has read the briefs and
reviewed the record.

2 Father did not file an answering brief. Although we could regard
this failure as a confession of error, see ARCAP 15(a)(2); Thompson v.
Thompson, 217 Ariz. 524, 526, ¶ 6 n.1 (App. 2008), in our discretion, we
decline to do so. See Nydam v. Crawford, 181 Ariz. 101, 101 (App. 1994).

2
 JOHNSON v. ESPINOZA
Decision of the Court

amount of contact Father [] had with [Child],” the court implemented an
eight-week transition period, after which the parties were to share equal
parenting time. The court entered these orders after considering Mother’s
“assert[ion that] Father’s girlfriend assaulted Mother[,] and [that] Father
was involved in the assault.”

¶4 More than a year later, Mother filed a petition to modify legal
decision-making authority, parenting time, and child support. She also
filed a motion for post-decree temporary orders without notice, alleging, in
pertinent part, that Child had witnessed Father and his girlfriend assaulting
Mother during a parenting-time exchange. The family court dismissed the
petition and motion, noting it had already “addressed the prior domestic
violence issue between Mother, Father, and Father’s girlfriend at the time
the [July 2017] orders were entered.”

¶5 In the months that followed, Mother and Father filed various
petitions and motions concerning custody of Child. Relevant here, in
December 2018, Father filed a motion for post-decree temporary orders
without notice, as well as a petition to modify legal decision-making,
parenting time, and child support, requesting he be granted sole legal
decision-making authority and physical custody of Child and that Mother’s
parenting time be supervised. Mother responded with a competing
petition and motion for temporary orders, in which she alleged “[Father]
and about 3 cars full of people” drove to her house, banged on her doors,
and attempted to open her windows and that Father’s girlfriend was
“sexually and physically” abusing Child. After a January 2019 hearing, the
court entered temporary orders awarding the parties joint legal decision-
making authority and equal parenting time.

¶6 In April 2019, after holding an evidentiary hearing on
Mother’s December 2018 petition and taking the matter under advisement,
the family court found Mother’s allegations of child abuse by Father’s
girlfriend were not credible and were made to frustrate Father’s
relationship with Child. The court found that Mother’s continued pursuit
of these allegations constituted a “sufficient material change in
circumstances” affecting Child’s welfare. In its best-interests analysis, the
court characterized the parties’ lack of agreement over custody of Child as
“unreasonable,” and further noted that the parties “exhibited little ability
to cooperate,” that “Mother ha[d] attempted to mislead the [c]ourt,” and
that “[g]iven the overall circumstances, joint legal decision-making [wa]s
not logistically possible.” Specifically, the court found:

3
 JOHNSON v. ESPINOZA
Decision of the Court

Time after time Mother has attempted to block Father’s
parenting time. First, when the parties were awarded equal
parenting time with the child, Mother absconded . . . to
California for seven months with the child. When Father
discovered Mother’s whereabouts, the parents came to an
agreement to exercise equal parenting time. Mother has made
repeated claims [of] abuse to [the Department of Child Safety
(“DCS”)] [] in an attempt to keep the child from Father.
Mother has alleged Father’s girlfriend physically abused the
child by hitting him and squeezing his arms, causing bruising.
Mother then alleged Father’s girlfriend sexually abused the
child. Mother obtained an injunction against harassment
against [F]ather’s girlfriend which was ultimately dismissed
after a hearing. Mother kept the child from Father for
approximately thirty days without lawful authority until a
hearing [in January 2019]. Mother’s allegations regarding
sexual abuse by Father’s girlfriend appear to have been from
Mother or someone else coaching the child. The Court
Appointed Advisor, the Best Interests Attorney and this
Court are all of the opinion that the Child’s alleged statements
are highly suspect and likely the result of the child being
coached. Even when Mother took [t]he child to counseling,
the counseling consisted of Mother telling the child to tell the
counselor what he said previously.

Based upon these considerations, the court awarded Father sole legal
decision-making authority over Child.

¶7 The family court then set forth a detailed parenting time plan
that ensured Mother would have “substantial, frequent, meaningful and
continuing contact with [her] child,” see A.R.S. § 25-403.01(D), and that was
“practical” and “maximize[d]” each parent’s parenting time to the extent it
was in Child’s best interests. The plan specified:

Until the child begins school (presumably in August 2019),
the parents shall follow the same parenting time schedule as
set forth in the August 13, 2018 Minute Entry. Once the child
begins school the child will live primarily with Father.
Mother shall have parenting time from Friday after school
until Sunday at 6:00 p.m. for two consecutive weekends, then
Father will keep the child the third weekend. The parents will
exercise this 2/weekend at Mother[’s] followed by one
weekend at Father’s during the school year. Over [s]ummer

4
 JOHNSON v. ESPINOZA
Decision of the Court

break the parties will revert back to the equal time parenting
plan. This schedule assumes Mother still lives in [A]pache
Junction, approximately 45 minutes from Father and the
child’s school. Should Mother move significantly closer to
Father the parents should revert back to equal parenting time
assuming Mother is able to get the child to school on time.

¶8 Mother timely appealed, and we have jurisdiction pursuant
to A.R.S. §§ 12-120.21(A)(1) and -2101(A)(2).

ANALYSIS

I. Substantial and Continuing Change

¶9 Mother initially argues the family court erred “in concluding
that Mother’s allegations of sexual abuse by Father’s girlfriend constituted
a material change in circumstances affecting the welfare of the Child.”

¶10 Under Arizona law, when a party seeks to modify an existing
legal decision-making or parenting time order, the family court must first
determine whether there has been a material change in circumstances
affecting the welfare of the child before it can engage in the best-interests
analysis. Christopher K. v. Markaa S., 233 Ariz. 297, 300, ¶ 15 (App. 2013)
(citing Black v. Black, 114 Ariz. 282, 283 (1977)); Owen v. Blackhawk, 206 Ariz.
418, 422, ¶ 16 (App. 2003) (quoting Canty v. Canty, 178 Ariz. 443, 448 (App.
1994)); see also Vincent v. Nelson, 238 Ariz. 150, 155, ¶ 17 (App. 2015) (quoting
Canty, 178 Ariz. at 448). The court’s determination as to whether a change
in circumstances has occurred “will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of
discretion, i.e., a clear absence of evidence to support its actions.” Prigdeon
v. Superior Court, 134 Ariz. 177, 179 (1982) (citing Smith v. Smith, 117 Ariz.
249, 253 (App. 1977) and Bailey v. Bailey, 3 Ariz. App. 138, 141 (1966)).

¶11 Mother points to evidence in the record that she presented to
the family court, namely photographic evidence allegedly demonstrating
physical abuse of Child by Father’s girlfriend and Mother’s own testimony
that Child had previously admitted to being inappropriately touched by
Father’s girlfriend to a DCS investigator. The family court apparently did
not find this evidence persuasive, and we will not second-guess its
evaluation of Mother’s credibility. See Lehn v. Al-Thanayyan, 246 Ariz. 277,
284 (App. 2019) (“On appeal, we do not reweigh the evidence but defer to
the family court’s determinations of witness credibility and the weight
given to conflicting evidence.”) (citing Gutierrez v. Gutierrez, 193 Ariz. 343,
347, ¶ 13 (App. 1998)). Sufficient evidence exists to support the court’s
findings that Mother repeatedly made false or questionable allegations of

5
 JOHNSON v. ESPINOZA
Decision of the Court

child abuse in an attempt to block Father’s parenting time with Child and
that these circumstances constituted a material change affecting Child’s
welfare. Accordingly, we find no error.

II. Legal Decision-Making Authority

¶12 Mother argues the family court erred in awarding sole legal
decision-making authority of Child to Father. Mother is specifically
dissatisfied with the court’s examination and resolution of several best-
interests factors identified within A.R.S. § 25-403(A).

¶13 We review an order modifying legal decision-making
authority for an abuse of discretion. See DeLuna v. Petitto, 247 Ariz. 420, 423,
¶ 9 (App. 2019) (citing Engstrom v. McCarthy, 243 Ariz. 469, 471, ¶ 4 (App.
2018)). “The trial court is in the best position to judge the credibility of
witnesses, the weight of evidence, and also the reasonable inferences to be
drawn therefrom.” Goats v. A.J. Bayless Mkts., Inc., 14 Ariz. App. 166, 171
(1971) (citing Rogers v. Greer, 70 Ariz. 264, 270 (1950) and Cavazos v. Holmes
Tuttle Broadway Ford, Inc., 104 Ariz. 540, 543 (1969)). Thus, we do not
reweigh evidence on appeal, Reek v. Mendoza, 232 Ariz. 299, 303, ¶ 14 (App.
2013) (citing Jesus M. v. Ariz. Dep’t of Econ. Sec., 203 Ariz. 278, 282, ¶ 12 (App.
2002) and Premier Fin. Servs. v. Citibank (Ariz.), 185 Ariz. 80, 86-87 (App.
1995)); rather, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to sustaining
the court’s findings and determine “whether evidence in the record
reasonably supports” those findings. Vincent, 238 Ariz. at 155, ¶ 17 (citing
Hurd v. Hurd, 223 Ariz. 48, 52, ¶ 19 (App. 2009)). Reviewing each factor
raised by Mother, we find no error.

¶14 Section 25-403(A)(1) directs the family court to consider “[t]he
past, present and potential future relationship between the parent and the
child.” The court here found that Child “seem[ed] to be well-bonded with
both parents.” Mother asserts the finding is unsupported by the evidence
because it “completely ignore[s] the fact that Child was raised exclusively
by Mother for the first two and a half years of his [by-]then three year old
life until Father was ordered to pay [c]hild support.” The record reflects,
however, that the court had previously acknowledged Father’s “limited
contact” with Child, see supra ¶ 3, but nevertheless found equal parenting
time appropriate back in July 2017. Mother also admitted to the court that:
“things have been going pretty good,” Child had not “been crying” and
seemed “excited to see his dad lately,” she had noticed Father and Child
“bonding some” which made her “happy,” and she wanted Child “to have
a relationship with . . . [Father].”

6
 JOHNSON v. ESPINOZA
Decision of the Court

¶15 Section 25-403(A)(2) directs the family court to consider “[t]he
interaction and interrelationship of the child with the child’s parent or
parents, the child’s siblings and any other person who may significantly
affect the child’s best interest.” Mother argues the “court completely
ignored the fact that placing Child with Father put[] him almost exclusively
within the care of Father’s girlfriend due to his work schedule,” which she
contends is not in Child’s best interests because, according to Mother,
Father’s girlfriend “had already lost custody of her own biological child
most likely due to mental health issues.” The record reflects that although
Mother obtained an injunction against harassment against Father’s
girlfriend after noticing bruises on Child’s arm, the injunction was
dismissed after a hearing. Moreover, the court-appointed advisor testified
she had no evidence to say Child was being abused in Father’s home. The
record further reflects that Father’s girlfriend voluntarily gave up a child at
birth approximately eleven years ago because she felt allowing her brother
to adopt would provide the child better opportunities. These circumstances
do not suggest that Father’s girlfriend is currently an inappropriate
caregiver to Child.

¶16 Section 25-403(A)(5) directs the family court to consider “[t]he
mental and physical health of all individuals involved.” Mother contends
the family court “completely ignored” this factor, “particularly with respect
to Father’s girlfriend.” To the contrary, the court here found there was “[n]o
credible evidence presented” on this factor—a finding that is well within the
court’s discretion to make, see supra ¶ 11. (Emphasis added.)

¶17 Section 25-403(A)(6) directs the family court to consider
“[w]hich parent is more likely to allow the child frequent, meaningful and
continuing contact with the other parent.” Mother argues the court’s
finding that she had acted deliberately to thwart Father’s relationship with
Child, see supra ¶ 6, is not supported by the record. We disagree. First, the
record reflects Mother admitted to absconding with Child to California for
seven months in 2017. She also admits on appeal that she kept Child from
Father for an additional thirty days, without lawful authority, before the
January 2019 hearing on temporary orders.3

3 To be sure, as Mother contends on appeal, the record likewise
reflects Father withheld Child from Mother for some period of time
beginning in January 2018, but he apparently “did so because he fear[ed]
Mother w[ould] flee to C[alifornia] again once she [got] the child back.”

7
 JOHNSON v. ESPINOZA
Decision of the Court

¶18 Mother also asserts the family court’s finding that she has
made repeated claims of abuse to keep Child from Father is based on the
superior court’s “opinion, not evidence.” We again disagree. The family
court previously resolved the issues surrounding the alleged assault of
Mother by Father’s girlfriend in the course of its initial custody and
parenting time orders. Yet, Mother continued to repeat the allegation. The
court also noted the dismissal of Mother’s injunction against Father’s
girlfriend for harassment related to allegedly abusing Child. This supports
the court’s finding that Mother has continued to make stale and/or
unsubstantiated claims of child abuse in an attempt to keep Child from
Father.

¶19 Further, the family court’s finding that “Mother’s allegations
regarding sexual abuse by Father’s girlfriend appear to have been from
Mother or someone else coaching the child” is supported by the court-
appointed advisor’s testimony. The advisor expressed concerns with
Mother’s involvement in Child’s therapy sessions—sessions the advisor
believed Child did not need—where “Mother [wa]s actually telling the
child to tell the therapist what the child ha[d] told Mother,” rather than
encouraging Child to tell the therapist, in his own words, what had
happened.

¶20 In sum, we cannot say the record is devoid of evidence
reasonably supporting the family court’s findings.4 The court’s findings are
sufficient to support its decision to award Father sole legal decision-making
authority.

Regardless, Father’s conduct is not relevant to whether Mother acted
deliberately to interfere with his relationship with Child.
4 Mother also argues A.R.S. § 25-411(L) requires the facts necessary to
support a change in legal decision-making authority and parenting time be
contained in an affidavit or verified petition. That statute, however, “is a
prehearing procedural statute and its purpose is, in part, to prevent
repeated or insubstantial motions for modification.” In re Marriage of
Dorman, 198 Ariz. 298, 302, ¶ 11 (App. 2000) (internal quotation and
citations omitted). Once the family court holds an evidentiary hearing, “the
time for achieving the statute’s intended protections . . . has passed,” and
the court may thereafter rely on the evidence and testimony presented in
making its decision regarding legal decision-making and parenting time.
Id.

8
 JOHNSON v. ESPINOZA
Decision of the Court

¶21 Nor does the record support Mother’s assertion of judicial
bias based upon the family court’s determination that “Mother has
attempted to block Father’s parenting time.” “A trial judge is presumed to
be free of bias and prejudice.” Cook v. Losnegard, 228 Ariz. 202, 206, ¶ 22
(App. 2011). Therefore, “[a] party must show by a preponderance of the
evidence that the judge was, in fact, biased.” Id. (citing State v. Ramsey, 211
Ariz. 529, 541, ¶ 38 (App. 2005)). Mother has failed to establish the existence
of any judicial bias, and our independent review of the record reveals none.

III. Parenting Time

¶22 Mother argues the family court erred when it modified her
parenting time without making the requisite findings under A.R.S. § 25-
411(J). That section states:

The [family] court may modify an order granting or denying
parenting time rights whenever modification would serve the
best interest of the child, but the court shall not restrict a
parent’s parenting time rights unless it finds that the parenting
time would endanger seriously the child’s physical, mental,
moral or emotional health.

A.R.S. § 25-411(J) (emphasis added). We review an order modifying
parenting time for an abuse of discretion but review “the interpretation of
statutes de novo.” See DeLuna, 247 Ariz. at 423, ¶ 9 (citing Engstrom, 243 Ariz.
at 471, ¶ 4).

¶23 Mother characterizes the parenting time schedule designed
by the court as a “restriction” that should have triggered additional
findings pursuant to A.R.S. § 25-411(J). The term “restrict” is not defined
by A.R.S. § 25-411, but we look to the entire phrase and, accordingly, read
the limitation upon the family court’s power to “restrict a parent’s
parenting time rights” as referring to the manner in which parenting time is
exercised—such as via supervision or in the instance where parent and
child are in different states. See, e.g., Hart v. Hart, 220 Ariz. 183, 187, ¶ 16
(App. 2009) (concluding the finding of serious endangerment in what is
now A.R.S. § 25-411(J) was a necessary prerequisite to ordering supervised
parenting time). Here, however, the mere reduction in Mother’s parenting
time hours during the school term, consistent with Child’s best interests,
did not amount to a “restriction” of her parenting time rights. Thus, specific
A.R.S. § 25-411(J) findings were unnecessary, and the court had discretion
to modify parenting time consistent with Child’s best interests upon
considering the factors contained in A.R.S. § 25-403(A). See A.R.S. § 25-

9
 JOHNSON v. ESPINOZA
Decision of the Court

411(J) (authorizing the family court to modify parenting time “whenever
modification would serve the best interest of the child”); A.R.S. § 25-403(A)
(“The court shall determine . . . parenting time, either originally or on a
petition for modification, in accordance with the best interests of the
child.”).

¶24 Moreover, as set forth in detail in Section II, the court’s best-
interests findings and decision to modify parenting time are more than
adequately supported by the record. Mother made repeated allegations of
physical and sexual abuse by Father’s girlfriend, which allegations the court
found were not credible and represented an attempt to keep Child from
Father and to deliberately mislead the court. In addition, the court found
Mother attempted to block Father’s parenting time both when she
absconded with Child to California for seven months and later when she
unlawfully kept Child from Father for an additional thirty days. The record
also reflects Mother unilaterally initiated counseling therapy for Child
when—as the court-appointed advisor testified—there was no evidence
indicating Child needed such therapy. Finally, the court also appropriately
considered the practical implications of Child’s living arrangement in
adjusting parenting time, including the forty-five-minute drive from
Mother’s house to Father’s, Child’s school location and schedule, and
Mother’s ability to get Child to school on time. On this record, the court
did not abuse its discretion in adjusting parenting time.

CONCLUSION

¶25 The family court’s orders are affirmed.

¶26 Mother requests an award of attorneys’ fees incurred on
appeal pursuant to A.R.S. § 25-324(A), (C). In our discretion, we deny her
request.

AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: AA

10