Markham v. Cahava

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE

MARKHAM CONTRACTING CO., INC., Plaintiff/Appellant,

v.

CAHAVA SPRINGS PHASE I, INC., et al., Defendants/Appellees.

No. 1 CA-CV 22-0746
FILED 01-30-2025

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CV2021-054458
The Honorable Erik Thorson, Judge

VACATED, REVERSED, AND REMANDED

COUNSEL

Osborn Maledon, P.A., Phoenix
By Eric M. Fraser, Thomas L. Hudson, John S. Bullock
Co-Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant

Palecek & Palecek PLLC, Scottsdale
By Karen A. Palecek, James J. Palecek
Co-Counsel for Plaintiff/Appellant

Fennemore Craig, P.C., Phoenix
By Timothy J. Berg, J. Christopher Gooch, Tyler D. Carlton
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees
 MARKHAM v. CAHAVA, et al.
Decision of the Court

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Jennifer B. Campbell delivered the decision of the Court,
in which Judge Kent E. Cattani and Judge Anni Hill Foster joined.

C A M P B E L L, Judge:

¶1 This is an appeal from the denial of a motion to amend an
unjust enrichment complaint and the dismissal of the case for failure to state
a claim. We hold that the superior court erred because the plaintiff’s
proposed allegations are enough to permit it the opportunity to prove its
case. We vacate the judgment of dismissal, reverse the denial of the motion
to amend, and remand for further proceedings.

BACKGROUND1

¶2 The defendants are corporations that own real property in the
Cahava Springs Revitalization District, a special purpose tax-levying public
improvement district governed by A.R.S. §§ 48-6801 et seq.2 The defendants
all share the same president/director, who also serves as the District’s
chairman: Mark Stapp.

¶3 In February 2017, all of the defendants (except one, which
received its property via a transfer in 2018) entered an agreement with the
District for the development of infrastructure benefiting their properties,
consistent with A.R.S. §§ 48-6801 and -6808. Stapp signed the agreement on
the defendants’ behalf. The defendants agreed that the District could retain
one of the defendants—the developer—as its agent and would enter
construction contracts to be funded by bonds secured by assessments on
the properties, consistent with A.R.S. § 48-6812. The District arranged for
around $21 million in bonds and agreed to collect annual assessments on
the properties for repayment. The disclosure to the bondholders also

1 We assume the truth of all well-pleaded allegations and all
reasonable inferences therefrom. Coleman v. City of Mesa, 230 Ariz. 352, 356,
¶ 9 (2012).
2 Though individuals were also named as defendants, the plaintiff
ultimately sought to eliminate the individuals as parties. Given that, we
limit our discussion to the corporate defendants.

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provided that additional debt could be placed on the assessed properties if
there were cost overruns.

¶4 The District, through Stapp, contracted with plaintiff
Markham Contracting Co., Inc., to construct infrastructure benefiting the
defendants’ properties, and Markham substantially completed its work.
When the District failed to fully pay Markham, the two submitted to
arbitration that resulted in a multimillion-dollar judgment against the
District. The District, having defaulted on the bonds and having never
taken any steps to collect any assessments on the defendants’ properties,
did not pay the judgment.

¶5 Markham then sued the defendants for unjust enrichment.
The defendants moved to dismiss Markham’s first amended complaint for,
as relevant here, failure to state a claim under Arizona Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6). Markham opposed the motion and sought leave to file
a second amended complaint refining its allegations. The superior court
denied leave to file the second amended complaint and granted dismissal
on the ground that Markham failed to allege misconduct by the defendants
consistent with Wang Elec., Inc. v. Smoke Tree Resort, LLC, 230 Ariz. 314 (App.
2012). Markham appealed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶6 We review an order granting dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) de
novo, affirming only if the plaintiff would not, as a matter of law, be entitled
to relief under any interpretation of the facts susceptible of proof. Coleman
v. City of Mesa, 230 Ariz. 352, 356, ¶¶ 7–8. (2012). We do not resolve factual
disputes, but instead assess whether the proffered allegations and
reasonable inferences from them are sufficient to allow the plaintiff “to
attempt to prove [its] case.” Id. at 356, 363, ¶¶ 9, 46. Dismissals are
disfavored and should be upheld only when “it appears certain that the
plaintiff would not be entitled to relief under any state of facts susceptible
of proof.” State ex rel. Corbin v. Pickrell, 136 Ariz. 589, 594 (1983) (citation
omitted).

¶7 Though we review the denial of a motion to amend for abuse
of discretion, Timmons v. Ross Dress for Less, Inc., 234 Ariz. 569, 572, ¶ 17
(App. 2014), the plaintiff must be “freely given” leave to amend “when
justice requires,” Ariz. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2). A motion to amend should be
denied only if, presuming all allegations are true, “the court finds specific
cause, such as futility, to deny the amendment.” Timmons, 234 Ariz. at 572–
73, ¶ 17. In this case, the court found the proposed second amended

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complaint futile because it failed to allege what the court believed to be a
required element—misconduct. In these circumstances, we review de novo
whether the proposed pleading stated a claim for unjust enrichment and
should have been allowed.

DISCUSSION

¶8 Unjust enrichment provides a remedy where “a party has
received a benefit at another’s expense and, in good conscience, the
benefitted party should compensate the other.” Wang Elec., 230 Ariz. at 318,
¶ 10. The remedy is “not confined to any particular circumstance or set of
facts,” but “is, rather, a flexible, equitable remedy available whenever the
court finds that ‘the defendant, upon the circumstances of the case, is
obliged by the ties of natural justice and equity’ to make compensation for
benefits received.” Murdock-Bryant Constr., Inc. v. Pearson, 146 Ariz. 48, 53
(1985) (citation omitted). To state a claim for unjust enrichment, the plaintiff
must allege a connected, unjustified enrichment and impoverishment, and
the absence of a remedy provided by law. Wang Elec., 230 Ariz. at 318, ¶ 10.
The superior court held that under Wang Electric, Markham also had to
show the defendants engaged in misconduct. That was error.

¶9 Wang Electric involved a commercial lease where the property
owner promised to reimburse the tenant for its remodeling expenses up to
a certain amount. 230 Ariz. at 316, ¶ 2. When the tenant’s general contractor
failed to pay subcontractors for their work at the property, the
subcontractors sued the owner for unjust enrichment. Id. at 316–17, ¶¶ 3–6.
Our supreme court held that the owner was entitled to summary judgment.
Id. at 320–21, ¶ 17. The court recognized that generally, an owner that has
not paid its general contractor for unpaid subcontractors’ work may be
liable to the subcontractors under an unjust enrichment theory. Id. at 318–
19, ¶ 12. But the court found the situation of tenant improvements
distinguishable, reasoning that landlords should not automatically be made
insurers for tenants who contract for leasehold improvements and instead
should be held liable only when they themselves engage in “some form of
improper conduct.” Id. at 319–20, ¶¶ 12, 14–15 (citation omitted). The court
relied on the Restatement (First) of Restitution § 110, which provides that a
person who confers a benefit upon another as performance of a contract
with a third person is not entitled to restitution from the beneficiary
“merely because” the third person fails to perform its part of the contract.
Id. at ¶¶ 14–15. The court also relied on the general rule that subcontractors
lacking privity of contract with an owner cannot recover a personal
judgment against the owner, and on the principle that unjust enrichment
should not be used to make parties liable for expenses they did not choose

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to incur. Id. at 320, ¶ 15. The court articulated its holding narrowly to limit
it to the tenant-improvement context: “[W]e hold that a contractor hired by
a tenant to make improvements to leasehold premises, or subcontractors
retained by that contractor, can recover unpaid monies for making tenant
improvements from the property owner only when that owner has engaged
in improper conduct.” Id. at ¶ 17 (emphases added).

¶10 Wang Electric’s holding makes sense in its limited context.
Commercial landlords hold out the property for let, and the tenants
contract for improvements to the property that suit their own retail needs.
The individual tenant improvements may or may not add value to the
property, as the next tenant may operate another variety of business and be
required to remove the previous tenant’s improvements to accommodate
its own venture. But where these considerations are not at play, Wang
Electric’s holding does not apply.

¶11 Indeed, Wang Electric left intact the general rule that
landowners who engage contractors to improve their land but make no
payment to anyone may be liable in unjust enrichment for unpaid work. See
id. at 318–20, ¶¶ 12, 17 (summarizing general rule and not purporting to
alter it). This rule recognizes that the driving principle for recovery in unjust
enrichment is whether fairness and equity require that the plaintiff receive
restitution for conferring a non-gratuitous benefit—not whether the
defendant engaged in tortious conduct, not whether the defendant was in
contractual privity with the plaintiff, and not whether the parties intended
the defendant to make a direct payment to the plaintiff. See Flooring Sys.,
Inc. v. Radisson Grp., Inc., 160 Ariz. 224, 227 (1989); Murdock-Bryant, 146 Ariz.
at 54; Costanzo v. Stewart, 9 Ariz. App. 430, 432 (1969); see also J.R. Kemper,
Building and Construction Contracts, 62 A.L.R.3d 288, § 2 (1975). In accord
with these principles, the Restatement (Third) of Restitution and Unjust
Enrichment § 25 explains that relief is warranted so long as restitution
would not subject the defendant to a forced exchange, an absence of
restitution would result in the defendant retaining the benefit for free, and
there was no understanding that the defendant would receive the benefit
for free.

¶12 This case, unlike Wang Electric, does not involve a tenant’s
contract for improvements. This is instead a case in which the defendant
property owners created and engaged the District to enter construction
contracts for their benefit with the understanding that they would ensure
the funding. We also cannot ignore that the defendants and the District
were controlled by the same individual. The concerns underlying the
holding of Wang Electric simply do not exist here. Here, the defendants

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knowingly used a related agent to incur expenses that benefited their
properties, while never paying any assessments to fund those
improvements. The defendants were not third-party landlords sanctioning
tenant improvements—they were owners who set up a non-independent
revitalization district to manage their properties’ development, arranged to
fund self-beneficial infrastructure work via assessments, and then failed to
follow through to ensure that assessments were made and collected to pay
for the work. In these circumstances, in the interests of fairness and equity,
Markham should be allowed to move forward and attempt to prove its case.
The superior court erred by applying Wang Electric’s specialized tenant-
improvement rule here. General unjust-enrichment principles applied.
Markham was not required to allege misconduct for its unjust enrichment
claim to survive Rule 12(b)(6)’s low bar.

¶13 Markham’s proposed second amended complaint sufficiently
stated a claim for unjust enrichment. The pleading alleged that Markham
was impoverished and the defendants were enriched by Markham’s work
because it benefited the defendants’ properties and was unpaid. The
pleading further established that the defendants’ receipt of a benefit was
unjustified because they ignored their funding obligations. The pleading
also alleged that Markham’s only contract was with the District—a
circumstance leaving Markham with no remedy at law against the
defendants.3 See Trustmark Ins. Co. v. Bank One, Ariz., NA, 202 Ariz. 535, 541,
¶ 32 n.5 (App. 2002) (“[A] party’s right to seek unjust enrichment is not
controlled by whether the party has an ‘adequate’ remedy at law—in the
sense of providing all the relief the party desires—but by whether there is
a contract which governs the relationship between the parties.”); Loiselle v.
Cosas Mgmt. Grp., LLC, 224 Ariz. 207, 211, ¶ 14 (App. 2010) (explaining that
a legal remedy will bar a claim for unjust enrichment only if it is against the
same defendant). All elements of unjust enrichment were sufficiently pled.

¶14 The superior court’s orders denying amendment and
dismissing the case were error. Though we express no opinion on whether

3 The unsatisfied judgment Markham obtained against the District (not
the defendants) is significant only insofar as that when it comes to
collection, Markham cannot take double recovery. See Hall v. Schulte, 172
Ariz. 279, 284 (App. 1992) (“A plaintiff is entitled to be made whole in
damages, and that is all.”). For similar reasons, we deny as irrelevant the
defendants’ motion that we take judicial notice of Markham’s mandamus
action seeking to compel the District to bill and collect the assessments.

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Markham should ultimately succeed on its claim against the defendants,
the action should be allowed to proceed past the pleading stage.

CONCLUSION

¶15 We vacate the judgment of dismissal, reverse the denial of the
motion for leave to amend the complaint, and remand for further
proceedings. We deny the parties’ competing requests for attorneys’ fees
under A.R.S. § 12-341.01. As the prevailing party on appeal, we award
Markham its costs under A.R.S. § 12-341 upon compliance with ARCAP 21.

AMY M. WOOD • Clerk of the Court
FILED: JR

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