KAUFMAN v. GUEVARA

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE

DAVID KAUFMAN, an adult individual,
and PHOENIX CORVETTE SALES LTD,
Plaintiffs/Appellants,

v.

CHRISTINA GUEVARA; PINNACLE NISSAN, INC.;
and NISSAN NORTH AMERICA, INC.,
Defendants/Appellees.

No. 1 CA-CV 24-0518
FILED 12-11-2025

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CV2020-055036
The Honorable Melissa Iyer Julian, Judge

AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART

COUNSEL

Maynard Cronin Erickson & Curran, P.L.C., Phoenix
By Daniel D. Maynard, Douglas C. Erickson
Counsel for Plaintiffs/Appellants

Clark Hill PLC, Scottsdale
By Darrell E. Davis, Ryan J. Lorenz
Counsel for Defendant/Appellee Pinnacle Nissan, Inc.

Klein Thomas Lee & Fresard, Phoenix
By Paul R. Lee, Brandon L. Boxler (pro hac vice)
Counsel for Defendants/Appellees Nissan North America, Inc.
 KAUFMAN, et al. v. GUEVARA, et al.
Opinion of the Court

OPINION

Judge Michael J. Brown delivered the opinion of the Court, in which
Presiding Judge Anni Hill Foster and Judge Paul J. McMurdie joined.

B R O W N, Judge:

¶1 Arizona Revised Statutes § 28-3475 prohibits a vehicle owner
from knowingly allowing anyone to drive the vehicle on a highway who is
not properly authorized to drive. The primary question before us is
whether violating that law constitutes negligence per se. Because we
answer the question affirmatively, we vacate the superior court’s grant of
summary judgment in favor of the vehicle owner in this case and remand
for further proceedings.

BACKGROUND

¶2 In March 2020, Christina Guevara visited Pinnacle Nissan,
Inc. (“Pinnacle”) to buy a car. She told a sales representative she did not
have a valid driver’s license and instead presented an Arizona
identification card. Pinnacle did not ask and Guevara did not disclose why
she did not have a driver’s license, which was suspended for violations of
driving under the influence. Ultimately Guevara agreed to buy a 2019
Nissan Sentra. Because she did not qualify for financing independently,
Pinnacle required a co-signer. Guevara then signed various documents,
including a conditional delivery confirmation and acknowledgment, a
promissory note, and an application for title and registration. The co-
signer, who never had a valid driver’s license and does not drive, also
signed the documents. Until final approval by a financial institution,
Pinnacle would retain legal ownership of the car.

¶3 After accepting a down payment, Pinnacle gave Guevara the
keys to the car, and she drove away. A few days later, the car required
maintenance and Pinnacle told Guevara to bring it back to the dealership.
While driving to the dealership without a license and under the influence
of alcohol, she crashed into a car driven by David Kaufman and owned by
Phoenix Corvette Sales LTD (collectively, “Kaufman”).

¶4 As relevant to this appeal, Kaufman sued Pinnacle and Nissan
North America, Inc. (“Nissan”) for negligent entrustment, alleging Pinnacle

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Opinion of the Court

violated its duty to Kaufman and the public when it entrusted the car to
Guevara and failed to investigate why neither she nor the co-signer lacked
valid driver’s licenses. After discovery, Pinnacle moved for summary
judgment, asserting Kaufman could not make a prima facie case because he
had no evidence showing (1) Guevara had a physical or mental condition
rendering her incompetent to drive safely, or (2) Pinnacle knew or should
have known about Guevara’s incompetence when it entrusted her with the
car. Pinnacle did not dispute that it owned the car. Nissan also requested
summary judgment, asserting Kaufman neither identified any specific
theory of agency nor provided any facts that an agency relationship existed
between Nissan and Pinnacle.

¶5 The superior court granted both motions, explaining in part
Kaufman had cited no Arizona law imposing an affirmative duty on an auto
dealer to ask why a potential car buyer lacks a valid driver’s license, and
the “mere fact that the vehicle owner is aware that the entrusted driver is
unlicensed is insufficient, by itself, to establish liability.” The court then
concluded that because the claim against Nissan was based solely on
vicarious liability for Pinnacle’s conduct, Nissan was not liable. Following
entry of a judgment entered under Arizona Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b),
Kaufman timely appealed, and we have jurisdiction under A.R.S.
§ 12-2101(A)(1).

DISCUSSION

¶6 Summary judgment is appropriate when the moving party
“shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the
moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Ariz. R. Civ. P.
56(a). We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, including the
superior court’s application of the law and whether there were genuine
issues of material fact, viewing the facts and reasonable inferences in the
light most favorable to the non-moving party. Takieh v. O’Meara, 252 Ariz.
51, 56, ¶ 11 (App. 2021).

A. Vicarious Liability - Nissan

¶7 Nissan argues Kaufman provides no basis to support holding
it vicariously liable for any asserted negligence by Pinnacle. See Urias v.
PCS Health Sys., Inc., 211 Ariz. 81, 88, ¶ 38 (App. 2005) (“[A] court must find
that the principal had the right to control the purported agent’s conduct for
the transaction at issue.”). The superior court did not address the alleged
agency relationship between Pinnacle and Nissan because it concluded that
if the agent is not liable, neither is the principal. But we will affirm the

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Opinion of the Court

court’s ruling for any reason supported by the record. See Glaze v. Marcus, 151 Ariz. 538, 540 (App. 1986) (affirming a grant of summary judgment
while acknowledging this court “will affirm the trial court’s decision if it is
correct for any reason, even if that reason was not considered by the trial
court”). Given that Kaufman has provided no evidence establishing an
agency relationship between Pinnacle and Nissan, there is nothing
attaching liability to Nissan. We therefore affirm the superior court’s grant
of summary judgment for Nissan.

B. Negligence Per Se - Pinnacle

¶8 After our initial review of the appellate briefing, we ordered
the parties to provide supplemental briefs addressing whether a violation
of § 28-3475 constitutes negligence per se. Section 28-3475 states that “[a]
person shall not authorize or knowingly permit a motor vehicle owned by
that person or under that person’s control to be driven on a highway by any
other person who is not authorized under this chapter or in violation” of
Chapter 8, titled “Motor Vehicle Driver Licenses.” A person who violates
§ 28-3475 is subject to a civil penalty. See A.R.S. § 28-3471.

¶9 Kaufman should have raised § 28-3475 in the superior court,
which understandably focused its ruling based on legal arguments the
parties presented. Typically, failure to raise the issue would result in
waiver on appeal. See Cont’l Lighting & Contracting, Inc. v. Premier Grading
& Utils., LLC, 227 Ariz. 382, 386, ¶ 12 (App. 2011) (Generally, “legal theories
must be presented timely to the trial court so that the court may have an
opportunity to address all issues on their merits.”). But “waiver is a
procedural concept that we do not rigidly employ in a mechanical fashion,”
and we may exercise our discretion to address issues otherwise waived.
Azore, LLC v. Bassett, 236 Ariz. 424, 427, ¶ 7 (App. 2014). Exceptions to the
waiver principle may arise when “questions of a general public nature” are
presented and particularly when

the question raised for the first time is one of substantive law
which is not affected by any dispute as to the facts of the case,
for under such circumstances the parties may present the
issue as thoroughly in the appellate court as it could have
been presented below, without injury to either one.

Rubens v. Costello, 75 Ariz. 5, 8–9 (1952) (quoting Town of S. Tucson v. Bd. of
Supervisors, 52 Ariz. 575, 583 (1938)). Moreover, in its supplemental brief
Pinnacle does not argue waiver. Thus, in our discretion, we consider the
applicability of § 28-3475. Cf. Pavlik v. Chinle Unified Sch. Dist. No. 24, 195

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Ariz. 148, 155, ¶ 28 (App. 1999) (finding a party that “never raised waiver
as a defense in the trial court . . . waived its waiver argument”).

¶10 Section 28-3475 is directly relevant to the issues presented
here, where the material facts are undisputed. And because the parties
have been allowed to thoroughly present their positions through
supplemental briefing and oral argument, in our discretion we address how
the statute affects this appeal. See Evenstad v. State, 178 Ariz. 578, 582 (App.
1993) (“[W]hen we are considering the interpretation and application of
statutes, we do not believe we can be limited to the arguments made by the
parties if that would cause us to reach an incorrect result.”); see also Est. of
Hernandez v. Ariz. Bd. of Regents, 177 Ariz. 244, 253–54 (1994) (“Arizona’s
judiciary shares responsibility for the evolution of the law of torts.”).

¶11 Kaufman argues Pinnacle’s violation of § 28-3475 constitutes
negligence per se. According to Pinnacle, however, the statute does not
affect this appeal and should not be adopted as the standard of care;
instead, the legal analysis should be governed by various sections of the
Restatement (Second) of Torts (1965) (“Restatement”).1

¶12 Negligence per se “describe[s] those instances where certain
acts or omissions constitute negligence without further inquiry [into] the
circumstances or reasonableness of their occurrence.” Deering v. Carter, 92
Ariz. 329, 333 (1962). Generally, “a claim for negligence per se must be

1 We recognize the more recent Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability
for Physical and Emotional Harm (2010) (“Third Restatement”) addresses
the role of statutory violations as negligence per se. Under Third
Restatement § 14, “[a]n actor is negligent if, without excuse, the actor
violates a statute that is designed to protect against the type of accident the
actor’s conduct causes, and if the accident victim is within the class of
persons the statute is designed to protect.” We decline to address § 14 here.
First, neither party cited the Third Restatement in their briefing, so deciding
whether § 14 should be adopted under such circumstances would be “quite
unusual and unwise.” Guerra v. State, 237 Ariz. 183, 188, ¶ 25 (2015). And
while we typically follow the Restatement absent Arizona law to the
contrary, Arizona courts have declined to adopt certain portions of the
Third Restatement. See id.; Quiroz v. ALCOA Inc., 243 Ariz. 560, 572, ¶ 51
(2018); Delci v. Gutierrez Trucking Co., 229 Ariz. 333, 337–38, ¶¶ 16–18 (App.
2012). Second, we are unaware of any Arizona case broadly accepting the
Third Restatement, much less § 14 specifically. Finally, we see nothing in §
14 or its corresponding comments that contravenes the principles we rely
on in our analysis.

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based on a statute enacted ‘for the protection and safety of the public.’”
Steinberger v. McVey, 234 Ariz. 125, 139, ¶ 56 (App. 2014) (quoting Good v.
City of Glendale, 150 Ariz. 218, 221 (App. 1986)). Also, such a claim cannot
succeed unless “a person violates a specific legal requirement.” Reyes v.
Frank’s Serv. & Trucking, LLC, 235 Ariz. 605, 612–13, ¶ 34 (App. 2014). If the
statute defines only a “general standard of care,” then applying negligence
per se is inappropriate. Hutto v. Francisco, 210 Ariz. 88, 91, ¶ 14 (App. 2005).

1. Standard of Care

¶13 According to Pinnacle, if the legislature wanted § 28-3475 to
establish the standard of care for circumstances such as those presented
here, it could have done so. And by failing to expressly impose civil liability
in § 28-3475, as it has done in other instances, see, e.g., A.R.S. § 28-3163
(furnishing vehicle to unlicensed minor), the legislature must not have
intended § 28-3475 to have bearing on the standard of care for negligent
entrustment claims. But a “duty of care and the attendant standard of
conduct can . . . be found in a statute even though the statute is silent on the
issue of civil liability.” Carrillo v. El Mirage Roadhouse, Inc., 164 Ariz. 364,
369 (App. 1990) (citing Restatement § 286, comment d, which provides “that
when the legislature has adopted a statute requiring certain conduct and
imposing either civil or criminal penalties for breach, the court is free to
adopt and apply that standard in negligence actions notwithstanding that
the legislature has failed to so provide”); cf. Est. of Hernandez, 177 Ariz. at
253 (explaining that a criminal statute “may establish a tort duty” if it is
designed to protect a class of people against the risk of the type of harm that
occurred because the statute was violated).

¶14 Moreover, Restatement § 285 comment c explains that a
“court may, and in certain types of cases customarily will, adopt the
requirements of the enactment as the standard of conduct necessary to
avoid liability for negligence.” See Webster v. Culbertson, 158 Ariz. 159, 163
(1988) (“In the absence of law to the contrary, Arizona follows the
Restatement.”). A “court may derive a standard of care from a statute ‘if it
first determines that the statute’s purpose is in part to protect a class of
persons that includes the plaintiff and the specific interest at issue from the
type of harm that occurred and against the particular action that caused the
harm.’” Martin, 209 Ariz. at 536, ¶ 23 (quoting Tellez v. Saban, 188 Ariz. 165,
169 (App. 1996)). Under Restatement § 288B, an ”unexcused violation of a
legislative enactment or an administrative regulation which is adopted by
the court as defining the standard of conduct of a reasonable [person], is
negligence in itself.” Thus, we are not persuaded that the legislature’s
silence as to tort liability for violations of § 28-3475 demands that we rule

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in Pinnacle’s favor. Cf. Lowing v. Allstate Ins. Co., 176 Ariz. 101, 106 (1993)
(“Silence in and of itself, in the absence of any indication that the legislature
has considered the interpretation, is not instructive.”).

¶15 Arizona courts have not addressed whether a vehicle owner’s
violation of § 28-3475, which prohibits knowingly permitting or entrusting
one’s motor vehicle to an unauthorized driver, affects the owner’s liability
if the unauthorized driver commits a tort. But this court analyzed a related
statute in Tellez, 188 Ariz. at 165. There, a car rental company knowingly
loaned its car to an unlicensed driver, who caused an accident. The
plaintiffs alleged a claim for negligent entrustment, asserting the company
negligently rented the car and because the company violated a statute
requiring it to inspect driver’s licenses when renting cars, see A.R.S.
§ 28-477 (1989) (later amended and renumbered as A.R.S. § 28-3472), the
driver caused the accident. Tellez, 188 Ariz. at 168. The superior court
granted summary judgment, finding no evidence that “‘lack of a driver’s
license played any part in causing the accident.’” Id.

¶16 In a divided opinion, the majority sua sponte (and without
supplemental briefing) concluded the statutory breach was not negligence
per se because the statute was not “intended to protect any particular
individual or class of persons from harm” but merely furthered “the state’s
interest in requiring that all persons who operate motor vehicles on public
highways are licensed.” Id. at 169–70, 170 n.3; see also id. at 178 (Voss, J.,
dissenting) (describing majority’s holding).

¶17 The primary question in Tellez did not concern negligence per
se; instead, the court reversed the superior court’s finding on proximate
cause. Id. at 168, 171–73. Given that causation is not at issue here, it is
unclear how much weight the negligence per se discussion in Tellez carries.
Cf. Alejandro v. Harrison, 223 Ariz. 21, 25, ¶ 12 (App. 2009) (“Obitur dictum is
a statement of general law made by a court which is unnecessary to its
decision and thus not precedential . . . .”). Even so, the Tellez court
acknowledged it could adopt a standard of conduct from a legislative
enactment under Restatement §§ 285–86, but it declined to do so under
Restatement § 288. Tellez, 188 Ariz. at 169. The court appeared to give
weight to the company’s argument, explaining that if “the legislature
intended to establish [the statute] as a standard of conduct in a negligence
action, it could have easily done so.” Id. Yet the court determined the
company “owe[d] a common law duty to other motorists to guard against
unreasonable risks of harm created by persons to whom it rents vehicles,”
reasoning in part that allowing the company to avoid liability “by turning
a deaf ear to the reasons for [the driver]’s lack of a license would violate the

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legislative policy articulated in A.R.S. [§] 28-477.” Id. at 170–71. The court
thus held that a reasonable jury could find that the company was negligent
in knowingly renting a car to an unlicensed driver. Id. at 173. Because
§ 28-3475 was adopted the year after Tellez was decided, and the negligence
per se analysis in Tellez does not persuade us, we decline to extend it to this
case.

¶18 Pinnacle also relies on Lutfy v. Lockhart, 37 Ariz. 488 (1931).
There, the car owner loaned his car to his brother, who was not a licensed
driver. Id. at 490. While driving the car, the brother collided with and
injured the plaintiff, who sued both the driver and the owner for
negligence, alleging the driver was “incompetent to drive because he was
not licensed to operate an automobile” and the owner knew he was
unlicensed. Id. at 492. A jury awarded damages to the plaintiff, finding
both defendants liable. Id. at 490. Our supreme court reversed the
judgment against the car owner. Id. at 497. The court noted that the statute
governing licensing prohibited anyone from driving a motor vehicle on a
highway without a license. Id. at 492 (citing Rev. Code of Ariz. § 1654
(1928)). But the court explained that, while having a license “might be some
evidence of his competency, the lack of such license would be no evidence
whatever that he was not a capable, skilled, and safe driver.” Id. at 493. The
court concluded that “[t]o say the owner’s knowledge that the person to
whom he loaned his car was not licensed to drive would make him liable
for the latter’s torts committed in the course of its use would extend the rule
to include cases far beyond its application in the past.” Id.

¶19 Lutfy is not dispositive here. Unlike § 28-3475, which was
adopted in 1997, the statute discussed in Lutfy did not preclude entrusting
a car to an unlicensed driver. And nothing indicates Lutfy analyzed the
statute under a negligence per se theory. Given the adoption of § 28-3475
and the evolution of the Restatement regarding the legal principles
governing negligence per se, Lutfy does not support Pinnacle’s position.

¶20 Pinnacle also argues that Acuna v. Kroack, 212 Ariz. 104 (App.
2006), instead of § 28-3475, governs a claim for negligent entrustment of a
motor vehicle in Arizona. That case involved an appeal following a jury’s
verdict finding negligent entrustment, Acuna, 212 Ariz. at 108, ¶ 13, and this
court noted that the uncontested jury instruction correctly listed the
elements of a negligent entrustment claim in Arizona, which required a
plaintiff to prove

(1) that defendant owned or controlled a vehicle; (2)
defendant gave the driver permission to operate a vehicle; (3)

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the driver, by virtue of his physical or mental condition, was
incompetent to drive safely; (4) [that] defendant knew or
should have known that the driver, by virtue of his physical
or mental condition, was incompetent to drive safely; (5)
causation; and (6) damages.

Id. at 110, ¶ 22 (citation modified).

¶21 Similarly, Pinnacle relies on Restatement § 390, which states:

One who supplies directly or through a third person a chattel
for the use of another whom the supplier knows or has reason
to know to be likely because of his youth, inexperience, or
otherwise, to use it in a manner involving unreasonable risk of
physical harm to himself and others whom the supplier
should expect to share in or be endangered by its use, is
subject to liability for physical harm resulting to them.

(Emphasis added). Pinnacle further argues that courts recognize a
difference between someone incompetent to drive (as a negligent
entrustment claim requires) and someone unlicensed to drive (as
§ 28-3475 prohibits). But as Acuna acknowledged, Restatement § 390 is not
the only avenue for proving a car owner negligently entrusted their car to
another person. Acuna, 212 Ariz. at 110, ¶ 22 n.7 (finding negligent
entrustment is not restricted “to cases in which the owner entrusts a vehicle
to one known to be incompetent or inexperienced”) (quoting Tellez, 188
Ariz. at 171); see also Alhambra Sch. Dist. v. Superior Court, 165 Ariz. 38, 42
(1990) (recognizing a person can owe both a statutory and common law
duty of care).2 Thus, at this stage of the litigation, Kaufman is not precluded
from relying on both § 28-3475 and Restatement § 390 in pursuing a
negligent entrustment claim.

2. Certainty/Specificity

¶22 Pinnacle argues the phrase “any other person who is not
authorized under this chapter or in violation of this chapter” is not certain
or specific enough to determine what type of conduct § 28-3475 prohibits

2 See also Seward v. Griffin, 452 N.E.2d 558, 563 (Ill. App. Ct. 1983)
(concluding that entrusting a car to a person whom the defendant had
“actual knowledge” was an unlicensed driver was “an independent
negligent act” that proximately caused injury, and that “entrusting a car to
an unlicensed driver is tantamount to entrusting a car to an incompetent
driver”).

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without evaluating the facts of each case. According to Pinnacle, even if the
statute does contemplate particular classes of plaintiffs, it is too general to
allow the adoption of a specific standard of care; instead, Arizona courts
need to follow the reasonable person standard as applied in common law
negligence.

¶23 Ordinary negligence (reasonable person standard) applies
when a jury must “measure” a party’s conduct when the statute does not
prohibit certain or specific acts, while negligence per se is “better reserved
to describe those instances where certain acts or omissions constitute
negligence without further inquiry into the circumstances or
reasonableness of their occurrence.” Griffith v. Valley of Sun Recovery
& Adjustment Bureau, Inc., 126 Ariz. 227, 229 (App. 1980) (quoting Deering v.
Carter, 92 Ariz. 329, 333 (1962)). Section 28-3475 expressly prohibits a
person from authorizing or knowingly permitting their motor vehicle to be
driven by an unauthorized driver. Thus, no measuring of the car owner’s
act is required. See Steinberger, 234 Ariz. at 138–39, ¶ 55 (To find negligence
per se, a “jury need only find that the party committed the specific act
prohibited, or omitted to do the specific act required by the statute or
ordinance.”); cf. Hutto, 210 Ariz. at 91, ¶ 13 (concluding that statutory
language establishing a general principle that motor vehicles be “safely
maintained,” rather than a specific one “requiring safety belts,” does not
create a sufficiently specific standard); Ibarra v. Gastelum, 249 Ariz. 493, 496,
¶ 11 (App. 2020) (“Phrases like ‘[m]ake all repairs,’ ‘do whatever is
necessary’ and ‘fit and habitable’ describe generalized standards, not the
‘certain or specific acts’ required for negligence per se to apply.”); Reyes, 235
Ariz. at 612–13 ¶¶ 33, 35 (referring to a California statute prohibiting
specified vehicular movements if they cannot be made with reasonable
safety, which establishes a general standard of care, not the specificity
required for a negligence per se instruction).

3. Protection and Safety of the Public

¶24 Pinnacle argues § 28-3475’s purpose “is merely to protect the
interests of the state in ensuring that every individual who operates a
vehicle on a highway is in compliance with the requirements of Chapter 8.”
Kaufman, however, asserts that § 28-3475 encompasses several safety
factors: vehicles can cause major injuries, including death; authorized
drivers must be a certain age and pass tests to ensure they know traffic laws
and how to drive or control a vehicle safely; the legislature has adopted
several laws to promote safe driving and protect pedestrians; and a person
can lose driving privileges for violating transportation statutes.

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¶25 Pinnacle does not dispute those assertions, which are
reasonable inferences about what safety issues are in play when the
legislature regulates the use of vehicles. See, e.g., Lutfy, 37 Ariz. at 493 (“An
automobile is a machine that is capable of doing great damage if not
carefully handled, and for this reason the owner must use care in allowing
others to assume control over it.” (citation omitted)); Urs v. Maricopa Cnty.
Att’y’s Off., 201 Ariz. 71, 73, ¶ 7 (App. 2001) (“‘An automobile is, potentially,
a dangerous instrumentality, as the appalling number of fatalities brought
about every day by its operation bear distressing witness.’” (quoting Dist.
of Colombia v. Colts, 282 U.S. 63, 73 (1930))); cf. Werner v. Prins, 168 Ariz. 271,
274 (App. 1991) (recognizing the penalty of license suspension for
intoxicated drivers stems from the state’s compelling interest in removing
such drivers from the roads because of the threat they pose to the safety of
others). A reasonable interpretation of the legislature’s blanket prohibition
against the entrustment of motor vehicles to unauthorized drivers suggests
that it contemplated the possibility that such drivers could drive, thereby
harming themselves or others. Cf. A.R.S. § 28-3164(B) (authorizing the
Department of Transportation to examine a driver’s license applicant’s
“[k]nowledge of safe driving practices,” knowledge of the effect of using
devices or engaging in other actions “that could distract a driver on the safe
or effective operation of a motor vehicle,” and to conduct “[o]ther physical
and mental examinations if the department finds them necessary to
determine the applicant’s fitness to safely operate a motor vehicle.”
(emphasis added.))

¶26 Pinnacle also points to Restatement § 288, which states:

The court will not adopt as the standard of conduct of a
reasonable [person] the requirements of a legislative
enactment or an administrative regulation whose purpose is
found to be exclusively

(a) to protect the interests of the state or any subdivision
of it as such, or

(b) to secure to individuals the enjoyment of rights or
privileges to which they are entitled only as members of
the public, or

(c) to impose upon the actor the performance of a service
which the state or any subdivision of it undertakes to give
the public, or

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(d) to protect a class of persons other than the one whose
interests are invaded, or

(e) to protect another interest than the one invaded, or

(f) to protect against other harm than that which has
resulted, or

(g) to protect against any other hazards than that from
which the harm has resulted.

None of these purposes are the exclusive purposes of § 28-3475.

¶27 Reasonably construed, the legislature’s adoption of § 28-3475
contemplates that an unauthorized driver falls within a class of people who
should not be driving on Arizona highways because of health and safety
risks that unauthorized driving poses for another class, which includes
motorists (like Kaufman), and pedestrians. By enacting § 28-3475, the
legislature prohibited owners of motor vehicles from knowingly entrusting
them to unauthorized drivers. See Brannigan v. Raybuck, 136 Ariz. 513, 517
(1983) (recognizing that “breach of a statute intended as a safety regulation
is not merely evidence of negligence but is negligence per se”). We
therefore conclude that A.R.S. § 28-3475 was enacted for the protection and
safety of the public; it sets the standard of care. And if a jury finds that
Pinnacle violated the statute, that finding would constitute negligence per
se. See Steinberger, 234 Ariz. at 138–39, ¶ 55.

¶28 Our analysis aligns with decisions from several other
jurisdictions holding that violating similar statutes constitutes negligence
per se. See, e.g., Kinney v. Smith, 508 P.2d 1234, 1237 (Idaho 1973) (holding
that a statute prohibiting vehicle owners from knowingly permitting their
vehicles to be driven by unauthorized drivers was “designed to protect
other highway users from injuries caused by the negligence of unlicensed
drivers,” and that violating the statute constitutes negligence per se); Hoke
v. Atl. Greyhound Corp., 40 S.E.2d 345, 350 (N.C. 1946) (concluding that
violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-34, prohibiting a car owner from knowingly
permitting another person to drive the car without proper legal authority,
is negligence per se); Arias v. Aguilar, 515 S.W.2d 313, 316 (Tex. App. 1974)
(construing statute recodified as Tex. Transp. Code § 521.458(b), and
holding that “entrustment of a vehicle to a person who does not have a valid
driver’s license is negligence per se”); Kempf v. Boehrig, 290 N.W.2d 562, 564
(Wis. Ct. App. 1980) (explaining that negligence per se “must be affirmed”
when a defendant knowingly permitted an unauthorized driver to operate
his vehicle in violation of Wis. Stat. § 343.45, and that permission resulted

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in the complained injury); cf. Equitable Gen. Ins. Co. v. Silva, 658 P.2d 446,
448, ¶ 6 (N.M. Ct. App. 1983) (stating that violating a “statute enacted for
the benefit of the public” like N.M. Stat. Ann. § 66-5-41 (prohibiting car
owner from allowing unauthorized person to drive the car) would be
negligence per se); Crosby v. Hummell, 63 P.3d 1022, 1025 (Alaska 2003)
(finding that a jury instruction accurately stated the statutory elements for
the offense on which plaintiff based her “claim of negligence per se—
permitting an unlicensed person to drive, a violation of [Alaska Stat. §]
28.15.281(b)”).3

4. Questions for Jury Determination

¶29 The superior court determined that (1) Guevara told Pinnacle
she did not have a valid driver’s license; (2) Pinnacle entrusted Guevara
with its car, which she drove off Pinnacle’s lot without a license; and (3)
Guevara was driving the car back to Pinnacle for repairs, while under the
influence of alcohol and without a license, when she collided into the car
Kaufman was driving. On these facts, a jury could reasonably find that
Pinnacle was negligent per se in knowingly supplying or entrusting its car
to Guevara, who Pinnacle knew was unauthorized to drive on Arizona
roads, in violation of A.R.S. § 28-3475. If the jury reaches that conclusion, it
must decide whether a violation of the statute was “the proximate cause”
of Kaufman’s injuries. See Hatch Dev., LLC v. Solomon, 240 Ariz. 171, 177,
¶ 21 (App. 2016); Jaynes v. McConnell, 238 Ariz. 211, 218, ¶ 22 (App. 2015)
(noting that proximate cause is generally a question of fact).

3 Pinnacle’s reliance on Beasley v. Best Car Buys, LTD, 363 P.3d 777,
778–79, ¶¶ 3–4 (Colo. App. 2015) is misplaced. Nothing in that opinion
indicates the auto dealer retained ownership of the car, which was sold “to
co-purchasers—one of whom provided a valid driver’s license.” Similarly,
none of the other cases Pinnacle cites, without analysis, are persuasive in
resolving this appeal.

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 KAUFMAN, et al. v. GUEVARA, et al.
Opinion of the Court

CONCLUSION

¶30 We vacate the superior court’s grant of summary judgment
for Pinnacle and remand for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion. We affirm the court’s grant of summary judgment for Nissan. We
deny Kaufman’s attorneys’ fees request under A.R.S. § 12-341.01 because
there is no contractual relationship with Pinnacle.

MATTHEW J. MARTIN • Clerk of the Court
FILED: JR

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