Goins v. gki/employers

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE

KENYATTA GOINS, Petitioner,

v.

THE INDUSTRIAL COMMISSION OF ARIZONA, Respondent,

GKI 2 LLC, Respondent Employer,

EMPLOYERS ASSURANCE CO., Respondent Carrier.

No. 1 CA-IC 24-0021
FILED 01-21-2026

Special Action - Industrial Commission
ICA Claim No. 20232080015
Carrier Claim No. 20230154
The Honorable Amy L. Foster, Administrative Law Judge

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

Broening Oberg Woods & Wilson P.C., Phoenix
By Kelley M. Jancaitis
Co-Counsel for Petitioner

Snow, Carpio & Weekley, PLC, Phoenix
By Brian A. Weekley
Co-Counsel for Petitioner

Industrial Commission of Arizona, Phoenix
By Afshan Peimani
Counsel for Respondent
Ruegsegger Simons & Stern, LLC, Denver, Colorado
By Taylor C. Leonard
Counsel for Respondent Employer and Carrier

OPINION

Presiding Judge Michael J. Brown delivered the opinion of the Court, in
which Judge D. Steven Williams and Judge Daniel J. Kiley joined.

B R O W N, Judge:

¶1 Kenyatta Goins was injured at his workplace when a
handgun he was carrying accidentally discharged. His subsequent claim
for workers’ compensation benefits was denied. The primary issue before
us is whether his injury arose out of his employment. Because Goins has
not met his burden of showing his injury was caused by a risk of
employment or incidental to his work duties, we affirm the denial of
benefits.

BACKGROUND

¶2 Goins worked as an estimator for GKI 2 LLC (“GKI”), owner
of an auto body repair shop known as Chaney’s Collision Center
(“Chaney’s”). Located in an industrial area of Glendale, Chaney’s consists
of a building and an open surface area where damaged cars are parked until
repaired. Goins’ job duties included assessing damages to vehicles caused
by accidents or collisions.

¶3 About six weeks after Goins began working at Chaney’s, he
was working on an estimate to repair a pickup truck and decided to move
it so he could have more space to take photos. As Goins stepped up into
the driver’s side of the cab, his semi-automatic pistol discharged, shooting
him in the leg. A police officer who was dispatched to the scene determined
Goins had accidentally discharged the gun, “due to [Goins] not having a
holster for his firearm.”

¶4 Goins filed a workers’ injury report with the Industrial
Commission of Arizona (“ICA”), but GKI and its carrier, Employers
Assurance Co. (collectively, “GKI”), denied the claim. Goins challenged the
denial, and an administrative law judge (“ALJ”) held a hearing to
determine whether the injury was compensable.

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¶5 Goins testified that even though the gun’s safety lever was in
the “safe” position, the gun fired as he lifted his right leg to get into the
truck. He said he was carrying the gun in his waistband with a “tactical
belt that kind of held [the gun] in position.” Goins acknowledged he chose
to carry the gun while working but that neither GKI nor his work duties
required it. He explained he had carried a concealed firearm this way for
years, both at and outside of work for personal safety.

¶6 Goins also testified that his manager and other co-workers
knew he was carrying a firearm every day at work. According to Goins,
GKI did not “expressly prohibit[]” employees from carrying firearms
during employment, and there was no policy in the company’s employee
handbook addressing the issue. Yet, he conceded that security duties were
not part of his employment and he had never used the gun for a work-
related purpose. Instead, Goins carried the gun while working because he
considered the “neighborhood” to be dangerous given the “homeless,
vagrants, [and] high crime statistics,” adding that “[n]umerous dead bodies
have been found around the area.”

¶7 Goins’ manager testified that he too routinely carried a gun
but would leave it in his vehicle while he was working. He corroborated
much of Goins’ testimony, including that Goins had no security duties. The
manager knew Goins carried a gun while working but warned him “not to
carry it on the premises,” especially without “having it on a holster.” The
manager acknowledged Goins had not been expressly prohibited from
carrying a gun at work, and the safety lever was engaged when he took
possession of Goins’ gun after the injury.

¶8 Unlike what Goins claimed, the manager believed Chaney’s
to be a safe place to work. Responding to why he leaves his gun in his
vehicle while working, the manager explained he did not feel threatened,
nothing bad had happened at Chaney’s, and he had never witnessed crime
on the property or in the area.

¶9 After considering the evidence and resolving conflicting facts,
the ALJ determined that Goins failed to establish by a preponderance of the
evidence that he sustained a compensable injury. Addressing Goins’
position that he carried a gun because he believed the workplace location
was unsafe, the ALJ explained that “there must be a causal relationship
between the employment and the injury.” The ALJ found in part that Goins
owned the gun for two years before he started working for GKI and even if
the workplace is in a high-crime area, he “chose to carry a gun on his person
at all times, regardless of whether he was at work.” The ALJ therefore

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denied the claim, concluding that the risk of injury was “wholly personal”
to Goins and the risk was not increased by his employment.

¶10 The ALJ affirmed the award on review and Goins filed this
statutory special action challenging the award. We have jurisdiction under
A.R.S. §§ 12-120.21(A)(2), 23-951(A), and Arizona Rules of Procedure for
Special Actions 10(c).

DISCUSSION

¶11 Goins challenges the denial of his claim, asserting the ALJ
erred by concluding there was “an insufficient causal relationship between
the employment and the injury.” When reviewing a workers’
compensation award, we defer to the ALJ’s factual findings but review
questions of law de novo. W. Millwork v. Indus. Comm’n, 256 Ariz. 177, 180,
¶ 13 (App. 2023). We consider the evidence in the light most favorable to
upholding the ALJ’s award and will affirm if reasonable evidence supports
it. Turner v. Indus. Comm’n, 251 Ariz. 483, 484, ¶¶ 2, 7 (App. 2021).

¶12 An injured worker has the burden of establishing the
statutory elements of a compensable workers’ compensation claim. See
Montgomery v. Indus. Comm’n, 173 Ariz. 106, 108 (App. 1992). Thus, Goins
had to show he suffered an injury for an accident arising out of and in the
course of his employment. See A.R.S. § 23-1021; Ibarra v. Indus. Comm’n, 245
Ariz. 171, 174, ¶ 14 (App. 2018). We consider these two elements as part of
a single test “known as the ‘quantum theory’ of work connection.” W.
Millwork, 256 Ariz. at 183, ¶ 25. Each case must be decided on its own facts
and within the framework of the two elements while considering the
totality of the circumstances. Royall v. Indus. Comm’n, 106 Ariz. 346, 349
(1970); Finnegan v. Indus. Comm’n, 157 Ariz. 108, 110 (1988). An injured
employee must prove all material elements of a claim by a preponderance
of the evidence, including “the necessary connection to a work-related
injury.” See T.W.M. Custom Framing v. Indus. Comm’n, 198 Ariz. 41, 45–46,
¶ 12 (App. 2000).

A. In the Course of Employment

¶13 The “course of employment” element refers to the time, place,
and circumstances surrounding the injury. Nowlin v. Indus. Comm’n, 167
Ariz. 291, 293 (App. 1990). “The type of activity which most clearly satisfies
the ‘[in the] course’ test is the active performance by the employee of the
specific duties which he was engaged to perform.” Royall, 106 Ariz. at 350.
Contrary to GKI’s assertion, the record shows that Goins was acting in the
course of employment when the injury occurred. His injury occurred at a

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time when Goins was employed and expected to work, and it took place at
Chaney’s, where a GKI estimator like Goins would reasonably be found
during working hours. Goins was also performing an estimate, one of his
employment duties, when the accident occurred. Thus, the injury occurred
in the course of his employment.

B. Arising Out of Employment

¶14 The “arising out of” element concerns the origin, or causal
connection, between the injury and the employment. See Royall, 106 Ariz.
at 349. “To arise out of employment, an injury must result from some risk
of the employment or be incidental to the discharge of the duties thereof.”
W. Millwork, 256 Ariz. at 183, ¶ 29. Generally, addressing whether an injury
arose from a risk of employment requires analysis of both the origin and
the nature of the risk involved. Id. Whether a particular risk arises out of
employment requires assessing several possible origins, or categories,
which include: (1) “risks distinctly associated with the employment”; (2)
“risks personal to the claimant”; and (3) “mixed risks,” consisting of a
combination of personal and work risks. See Nowlin, 167 Ariz. at 293.

¶15 Goins argues the origin of his injury was a “mixed risk,”
which arises when “a personal cause and an employment cause combine to
produce the harm.” Samaritan Health Servs. v. Indus. Comm’n, 170 Ariz. 287,
290 (App. 1991). According to Goins, the origin of the risk of his injury was
mixed because he climbed into the truck to reposition it (a work-related
activity) while carrying a firearm for personal protection (an existing
condition). But he cites no authority suggesting that an injury arising from
an accidental discharge of a gun claimed to be for personal protection while
working should be analyzed under the mixed risk category. Cf. 1 Larson’s
Workers’ Compensation Law § 4.04 (2025) (“The most common example [of
mixed risk] is that of a person with a weak heart who dies because of strain
occasioned by the employment.”).

¶16 Nor does Goins explain how the handful of Arizona cases
analyzing worker injuries under a mixed risk analysis support his position.
None of those cases are remotely similar to the circumstances presented
here. See Martinez v. Indus. Comm’n of Arizona, 192 Ariz. 176, 180, ¶ 20 (1998)
(applying a mixed risk analysis where a worker’s “bending activity . . . on
a pre-existing knee condition [caused] a second injury”); W. Millwork, 256
Ariz. at 184, ¶ 33 (analyzing a claim as mixed risk where decedent’s “risk
of work-related exposure from interacting with potentially infected
co-workers in person combined with his underlying medical condition
. . . resulted—legally and medically—in his death from COVID-19”);

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Samaritan Health Servs., 170 Ariz. at 287 (applying a mixed risk analysis
where a worker sustained a knee injury while performing a filing task and
the worker acknowledged having several prior knee injuries).

¶17 Unlike those cases, Goins has not demonstrated he had a
personal condition or personal cause indicating the mixed risk analysis
should apply here. Instead, as the ALJ concluded, the risk of injury was
personal to Goins. And because Goins was responsible for bringing the gun
to the workplace without an employment-related reason for doing so, his
case is more appropriately analyzed as an imported danger. See Space Steel
Corp. v. Jones’ Dependents, 248 So. 2d 807, 809 (Miss. 1971) (“The doctrine of
‘imported danger’ refers to that class of cases in which the source of the
injury was a hazard brought onto the employment premises by the claimant
himself. The heart of the issue is whether the pistol had any relation to the
employment. The evidence reflects that it had none.”); 1 Larson’s Workers’
Compensation Law § 9.03 (recognizing situations where “the imported-
danger idea has been invoked: explosives, automobiles, food and drink,
matches, and unsuitable clothing brought by the employee,” and that such
cases, “on the whole, confirm the basic rule that there must be some
employment contribution to the risk when the initial source of harm is a
distinctly personal danger”). Goins has not established that GKI
contributed to the risks of his possession of the gun at work.

¶18 Goins asserts that an employment cause can be a contributing
factor when the activity resulting in the injury is “authorized, necessary, or
a condition of the work.” Goodyear Aircraft Corp. v. Indus. Comm’n, 62 Ariz.
398 (1945). In Goodyear, a warehouse employee was instructed to bring food
and drink to work because he was given only a half-hour lunch break. 62
Ariz. at 400. He routinely placed his bottled soda in a cooler filled with ice
and water to keep it cool, as other workers also did. Id. at 400–401. While
doing so, the bottle exploded and a piece of glass struck his eye, causing
permanent loss of sight in that eye. Id. at 401. The ICA awarded benefits.
Id. Our supreme court affirmed, reasoning in part “that employees working
under the conditions as shown in this case of necessity must have
sustenance,” and an accident resulting from preparing or eating food “is
just as much an accident arising out of the employment as in the case of
caring for a machine or any other appliance.” Id. at 415.

¶19 Goins argues the risks associated with carrying the gun
became partly employment related, like in Goodyear, because GKI
“acquiesced” to him carrying the gun while at work. But no aspect of
Goins’ job duties required him to carry a gun. That GKI did not directly
prohibit him from carrying a gun did not make it necessary for his

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employment, and there is no evidence GKI authorized or allowed Goins to
perform security duties as part of his job. Moreover, Goins’ subjective
opinion that Chaney’s is in a dangerous area, uncorroborated by other
evidence and contradicted by his supervisor, did not require the ALJ to find
a need to carry a gun. Indeed, the ALJ discounted Goins’ subjective
concerns because he always carried the gun regardless of his location.
Thus, contrary to Goins’ argument, by failing to directly prohibit him, or
any of its employees, from carrying guns at the worksite, GKI did not
“accept[] the risk of accidental discharge during work hours,” especially
when no evidence was presented tying such guns to any work-related
purpose. Cf. Southland Corp. v. Hester, 490 S.W.2d 132, 134 (Ark. 1973)
(denying compensation because “the presence of the firearm had no
connection with the employer’s business or the employee’s duties.”); Ward
v. Halliburton Co., 415 P.2d 847, 848 (N.M. 1966) (finding claimant’s
accidental shooting did not arise out of employment, and noting he cited
no case allowing “recovery where the employment does not justify the
presence of a gun on the premises or where the bullet did not originate from
a source other than the claimant’s personal weapon”).

¶20 Relying on Bennett v. Indus. Comm’n, 163 Ariz. 534 (App.
1990), Goins contends an employer’s “acquiescent weapons policy renders
an accidental gunshot wound a risk related to the employment.” There, the
employee was found dead at his workplace from an apparently accidental
gunshot. Id. at 535–36. His worker’s compensation claim was denied. Id.
at 536. Because the surrounding circumstances were unclear, this court
applied the “unexplained death presumption,” which relaxes the burden of
showing that an employee’s death arose out of employment. Id. at 536–37.
The case here does not involve a death, and the record confirms how Goins
was shot.

¶21 Goins also points to the findings noted in Chambers v. Union
Oil Co., 153 S.E. 594 (N.C. 1930), to support his acquiescence argument. But
the employee driver in that case, whose gun accidentally discharged when
he was showing it to a fellow worker, carried the gun “to protect his
employer’s property from robbery,” and the employer testified “one of my
drivers had been held up. He reported it to me.” Id. at 596. Nothing in the
record shows Goins had work-related protection duties. For the same
reasons, Goins’ reliance on Martinez v. Soundtown, 563 N.Y.S.2d 221, 222
(N.Y. App. Div. 1990), where one of the duties of the salesclerk who brought
a gun to work “was to stand outside at closing while the manager locked
the gate and safely exited in his car,” is misplaced.

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¶22 Although decided more than a century ago, Ward v. Indus.
Accident Comm’n of State of Cal., 164 P. 1123 (Cal. 1917) supports our analysis.
In that case, two brothers were hired to dig post holes. Id. They anticipated
that the work, in addition to traveling to the site, would take several days.
Id. The brothers hired their nephew to help them and loaded a wagon for
the trip. Id. The nephew brought a shotgun with him because he was
hoping to hunt after work. Id. The nephew propped the shotgun against
the seat between himself and one of his uncles. Id. Neither brother objected
to the gun or its placement. Id. During the trip, the gun fell over and
discharged, shooting one of the brothers. Id. at 1124.

¶23 Although the accident occurred in the course of employment,
the court denied compensation because “[t]he shotgun had no connection
with nor bearing upon any part of the work which the men were employed
to do.” Id. at 1123. The court concluded:

Th[is] case is clearly one where an employ[ee] in the
performance of his duty meets with an accident bearing no
relation whatsoever to the nature of the employment. . . . ‘The
accidents arising out of the employment of the person injured
are those in which it is possible to trace the injury to the nature
of the employ[ee]’s work or to the risks to which the
employer’s business exposes the employ[ee]. The accident
must be one resulting from a risk reasonably incident to the
employment.’

Id. at 1124 (citation omitted); cf. Nurmi v. Indus. Accident Comm’n of Cal., 30
P.2d 529, 530 (Cal. Ct. App. 1934) (noting accidental discharge of personal
shotgun arose out of employment because, unlike Ward, delivery claimant
had reason to protect himself during deliveries where prior thefts had been
proven).

¶24 The risk here was that Goins’ gun, which he carried for
personal protection, might accidentally discharge and cause an injury. But
he has not shown how that risk was inherent to his employment or
incidental to the discharge of his duties. See W. Millwork, 256 Ariz. at 183,
¶ 29. Nor has he demonstrated that GKI contributed to the risk of being
injured. See 1 Larson’s Workers’ Compensation Law Chapter 9 (2025)
(“Injuries arising out of risks or conditions to the claimant do not arise out
of the employment unless the employment contributes to the risk or
aggravates the injury.”). Because the origin of the risk is wholly personal,
we need not consider the nature of the risk. The ALJ did not err in declining
to award workers’ compensation benefits.

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CONCLUSION

¶25 Because Goins has not established that his injury arose out of
his employment with GKI, we affirm.

MATTHEW J. MARTIN • Clerk of the Court
FILED: JR

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