Jane Doe I; Jane Doe II; And John Doe v. Lenzner Medical Services Llc... ...

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION TWO

JANE DOE I, JANE DOE II, AND JOHN DOE,
BY AND THROUGH CONSERVATOR, FLEMING AND CURTI, PLC,
Plaintiffs/Appellants,

v.

LENZNER MEDICAL SERVICES, LLC,
AN ARIZONA LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY; AND
DR. JOHN HERROD AND SHERRIE FARNSWORTH HERROD,
INDIVIDUALLY AND AS A JOINTLY MARRIED COUPLE,
Defendants/Appellees.

No. 2 CA-CV 2024-0030
Filed May 5, 2025

Appeal from the Superior Court in Cochise County
No. S0200CV202000599
The Honorable Timothy B. Dickerson, Judge

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

Cadigan Law Firm PLLC, Tucson
By Lynne M. Cadigan

and

Manly, Stewart & Finaldi, Irvine, California
By John C. Manly

and

John Trebon P.C., Flagstaff
By John J. Trebon
Counsel for Appellants
 DOE v. LENZNER MED. SERVS., LLC
Opinion of the Court

Holden & Armer P.C., Phoenix
By DeeDee Armer Holden and Michael J. Ryan
Counsel for Appellees

OPINION

Judge Vásquez authored the opinion of the Court, in which Judge Sklar
concurred, Judge Vásquez specially concurred, and Presiding Judge
Eckerstrom dissented.

V Á S Q U E Z, Judge:

¶1 Jane Doe I, Jane Doe II, and John Doe (collectively, “the
Does”) appeal the superior court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of
Dr. John Herrod, Sherrie Farnsworth Herrod, and Lenzner Medical
Services, LLC (collectively, “the Medical Defendants”).1 Because the Does
have not shown the court erred in concluding that the Medical Defendants
had no duty to report child abuse under Arizona’s mandatory reporting
statute, we affirm.

Factual and Procedural Background

¶2 We view the facts in the light most favorable to the Does, the
party opposing summary judgment, and draw all reasonable inferences
arising from the evidence in their favor. See Modular Mining Sys., Inc. v.
Jigsaw Techs., Inc., 221 Ariz. 515, ¶ 2 (App. 2009). The undisputed relevant
and material facts are as follows:

¶3 Paul and Leizza Adams were members of the Church of Jesus
Christ of Latter-Day Saints (“LDS Church”). The Adamses joined the Bisbee
Ward of the LDS Church in 2009. Between 2006 and 2015, Paul and Leizza
had six children, three of whom are the Does in this action.

1Dr. John Herrod was the founder and sole managing member of

Lenzner Medical. Dr. Herrod’s wife, Sherrie Farnsworth Herrod, is a
named defendant for community property liability purposes, but she is
otherwise not involved in the case.

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Opinion of the Court

¶4 Dr. John Herrod is a licensed internal medicine physician. He
formed Lenzner Medical around 2008 and maintained the practice until his
retirement in 2019. Herrod is also a member of the LDS Church, and, from
2004 to 2012, he served as the lay bishop of the LDS Church’s Bisbee Ward.
While serving as bishop, Herrod continued practicing medicine.

¶5 Dr. Herrod began treating Leizza as a patient sometime after
the Adamses moved to Bisbee in 2009, and he remained her primary
physician through at least 2018. Paul was also a patient of Lenzner Medical,
having been treated on at least a few occasions by a nurse practitioner who
worked at the clinic. Dr. Herrod occasionally provided medical treatment
to the Does.2

¶6 In November 2011, Paul confessed to Herrod, in Herrod’s
capacity as bishop, that he had sexually abused Jane Doe I. Herrod had
Leizza join them and instructed Paul to repeat his confession to her. Herrod
began counseling both Paul and Leizza, recommending either Paul turn
himself in or Leizza report Paul to the authorities. Given his religious vow
of confidentiality, Herrod did not report Paul’s abuse to the authorities.
When Herrod’s term as bishop ended less than a year later,3 he continued
as the family’s doctor.

¶7 Paul continued to sexually abuse Jane Doe I, Jane Doe II, and
John Doe until he was arrested by federal authorities in February 2017. In
May 2017, a grand jury indicted Paul on multiple counts of felony child
sexual abuse and exploitation. Seven months later, Paul committed suicide
in his prison cell. Leizza pled guilty to two counts of child abuse, and, in
August 2018, she was sentenced to 2.5 years in prison, followed by four
years’ probation.

2The parties dispute whether Dr. Herrod was the Does’ doctor, but,

for purposes of the motion for summary judgment, the superior court
“assum[ed] that Herrod provided medical treatment to Jane Doe I and her
siblings on some occasions between the years of 2010 and February 2017.”
We do the same.
3Under LDS Church doctrine, members are “called” to serve as lay

bishops for a fixed period of time and are “released” once their term is over.

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Opinion of the Court

¶8 The Does filed this civil action in November 2020,4 and, in
their first amended complaint, they asserted the following claims against
the Medical Defendants: (1) negligence; (2) intentional infliction of
emotional distress; (3) negligent infliction of emotional distress; (4) breach
of fiduciary duty; (5) medical malpractice/medical negligence;
(6) ratification; and (7) civil conspiracy. They additionally asserted a
negligent hiring, retention, and supervision claim against Lenzner Medical,
and sought punitive damages.5 Herrod is a defendant in two capacities—
as one of the Medical Defendants for his role as a doctor, and as one of the
other church defendants in his clergy capacity. This appeal concerns only
Herrod’s capacity as a Medical Defendant.

¶9 In May 2022, the Medical Defendants moved for summary
judgment. In December 2023, after briefing and oral argument, the superior
court issued its under advisement ruling, granting summary judgment in
favor of the Medical Defendants and dismissing all claims with prejudice.
The court entered a final judgment pursuant to Rule 54(c), Ariz. R. Civ. P.,
and this appeal followed. We have jurisdiction under A.R.S.
§§ 12-120.21(A)(1) and 12-2101(A)(1).

Discussion

¶10 The Does argue on appeal, as they did below, that the
superior court erred in granting summary judgment in favor of the Medical
Defendants because, under A.R.S. § 13-3620, Dr. Herrod had “an
independent duty to report” the abuse committed against them by their
father, Paul, and the neglect committed by their mother, Leizza. We review
a grant of summary judgment de novo. Phoenix Baptist Hosp. & Med. Ctr.,
Inc. v. Aiken, 179 Ariz. 289, 292 (App. 1994). To prevail on a motion for
summary judgment, the moving party must show “that there is no genuine
dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law.” Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Although we view the evidence

4Fleming and Curti, PLC brought this action as conservator for and

on behalf of the Does who were minors at the time of filing.
5The Does initially sued the LDS Church, the Medical Defendants,

and various individual defendants in the same action. It appears that for
the purposes of litigation below, the claims were later separated for each
group of defendants. Although the complaint in our record lists all named
defendants, this appeal is concerned only with the claims against the
Medical Defendants.

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Opinion of the Court

and reasonable inferences in favor of the nonmoving party, summary
judgment should be granted when the facts produced in response to a
summary judgment motion have “so little probative value, given the
quantum of evidence required, that reasonable people could not agree with
the conclusion advanced by the proponent of the claim or defense.” Orme
Sch. v. Reeves, 166 Ariz. 301, 309-10 & 309 (1990); see Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(e)
(adverse party’s response must “set forth specific facts showing a genuine
issue for trial”).

¶11 The Medical Defendants’ motion for summary judgment
addressed the Does’ medical malpractice claims, which are primarily
directed at Dr. Herrod. “In all negligence actions, including medical
malpractice, ‘the plaintiff must prove the existence of a duty, a breach of
that duty, causation, and damages.’” Windhurst v. Ariz. Dep’t of Corr., 256
Ariz. 186, ¶ 14 (2023) (quoting Seisinger v. Siebel, 220 Ariz. 85, ¶ 32 (2009)).
Thus, as a threshold matter, the Does “bear[] the burden of proving the
existence of a duty.” Quiroz v. ALCOA Inc., 243 Ariz. 560, ¶ 2 (2018). The
existence of a duty is a question of law that we review de novo. Ritchie v.
Krasner, 221 Ariz. 288, ¶ 11 (App. 2009).

¶12 Dr. Herrod was a practicing physician before and after he
learned of the abuse and neglect. He also served as a lay bishop for the LDS
church and, in that capacity, was a “member of the clergy” during the
relevant period. See A.R.S. § 13-3620(A)(2). Both physicians and clergy are
identified as persons to whom the mandatory reporting statute applies.
§ 13-3620(A)(1), (2). Arizona’s mandatory reporting statute, § 13-3620(A),
provides, in part, as follows:

Any person who reasonably believes that
a minor is or has been the victim of physical
injury, abuse, child abuse, a reportable offense
or neglect that appears to have been inflicted on
the minor by other than accidental means . . .
shall immediately report or cause reports to be
made of this information to a peace officer . . . .
For the purposes of this subsection, “person”
means:

(1) Any physician . . . who develops the
reasonable belief in the course of treating a
patient.

(2) Any . . . member of the clergy.

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Opinion of the Court

¶13 In this case, the parties agree that § 13-3620(A)(1) governs the
duty that Dr. Herrod had to report the abuse and neglect of the Does in his
capacity as a physician. Indeed, at the hearing on the Medical Defendants’
motion for summary judgment, the Does stated that “the fundamental basis
of the duty” to report arises from the statute. And in their opening brief,
they state that “if Dr. Herrod had a duty to report under A.R.S. § 13-3620,
then the failure to do so breached the applicable standard of care owed to
the children.”

¶14 But the parties disagree about whether that duty is impacted
by Herrod’s statutory duty to report as a member of the clergy and the
scope of his duty to report as a physician. There are two distinct reporting
limitations under the statute that apply to Herrod in his dual role as a clergy
member and physician. See § 13-3620(A), (1). First, the statute provides a
reporting exception for clergy who learn of child abuse or neglect in the
context of a confession or confidential communication, while serving in that
capacity. § 13-3620(A). Second, the statute provides that a physician is
obligated to report only if he develops a reasonable belief of child abuse or
neglect “in the course of treating a patient.” § 13-3620(A)(1).

¶15 Much of the argument in the superior court focused on the
interplay between the statutory provisions for clergy and physicians. Both
below and on appeal, the parties refer to Herrod as wearing “two hats” in
his dual role as clergy and doctor. The Medical Defendants argue that the
“single spiritual confessional communication by [Paul] Adams in
November 2011 to Bishop Herrod” was privileged and cannot be used to
hold Dr. Herrod liable for failing to “subsequently report the abuse as a
physician pursuant to A.R.S. § 13-3620(A)(1).” The Does in contrast,
contend that Herrod “could not dismiss abuse and neglect simply because
he wore two metaphorical hats as a medical doctor and as a lay bishop.”
The superior court concluded that Paul’s confession and the subsequent
counseling sessions Herrod held with Paul and Leizza were privileged and
confidential and were therefore exempted from Herrod’s reporting duty as
a member of the clergy, under the express terms of the statute. See
§ 13-3620(A). The issue of Herrod’s duty to report as a clergy member is
the subject of a different appeal pending in this court, and we do not discuss
it here. Instead, we turn to Herrod’s duty as a physician.

¶16 As a general matter, “There is no common law duty to control
the conduct of a third person so as to prevent harm from befalling another.”
Collette v. Tolleson Unified Sch. Dist., No. 214, 203 Ariz. 359, ¶ 13 (App. 2002);
see also Dinsmoor v. City of Phoenix, 251 Ariz. 370, ¶ 15 (2021) (“People do not

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Opinion of the Court

generally have a duty to protect others from harm.”). Under Arizona law,
however, certain “special relationships” can create a duty in regard to “the
actions of another.” Gipson v. Kasey, 214 Ariz. 141, ¶¶ 18-19 (2007). These
relationships may be “recognized by the common law” or may be “created
by public policy,” which is primarily drawn from statutes. Quiroz, 243 Ariz.
560, ¶ 2.

¶17 On appeal, the Does expressly distinguish “[t]he duty to
report under the Arizona mandatory reporting statute” from the common
law “affirmative duty to protect arising from other ‘special relationships.’”
They expressly assert that the duty in this case is limited to Herrod’s “duty
to report under A.R.S. § 13-3620,” and “not that he had a duty to
investigate, intervene, and stop the abuse,” as discussed by our supreme
court in Dinsmoor. The Does nevertheless suggest that the duty under the
reporting statute required Herrod to report what he knew about the abuse
solely because he treated Leizza and the children, regardless of where or
how he learned of it.

¶18 According to the Does, the duty to report under § 13-3620(A)
and Dr. Herrod’s failure to do so “establishes medical malpractice under
A.R.S. § 12-563.” To support this position, the Does rely on the opinion of
their medical expert, Dr. Berg. The Does contend “Dr. Berg[] stated that,
based on a clear medical and ethical standard of care, Dr. Herrod had a duty
to report the abuse of the children and the neglect by their mother.” They
cite an American Medical Association (AMA) ethical opinion to support the
expert’s opinion, and they argue Herrod’s failure to report “breached the
applicable standard of care owed to the children.”

¶19 But as the superior court correctly concluded, and as our
supreme court has explained, Arizona courts will not base the existence of
a duty on “the medical profession’s ethical standards because such a notion
conflates the existence of a duty with the standard of care.” Stanley v.
McCarver, 208 Ariz. 219, ¶ 17 (2004). “The existence of a duty of care is a
distinct issue from whether the standard of care has been met in a particular
case.” Boisson v. Ariz. Bd. of Regents, 236 Ariz. 619, ¶ 5 (App. 2015) (quoting
Gipson, 214 Ariz. 141, ¶ 10). And whether a duty exists is a question of law
for the court to decide, not experts. Badia v. City of Casa Grande, 195 Ariz.
349, ¶ 17 (App. 1999). Notably, at the hearing on the Medical Defendants’
motion for summary judgment, the Does acknowledged that the “AMA
ethics opinion is evidence of the standard of care.”

¶20 “In Arizona, our primary source for identifying a duty based
on public policy is our state statutes.” Quiroz, 243 Ariz. 560, ¶ 18. This is

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Opinion of the Court

because “[t]he declaration of ‘public policy’ is primarily a legislative
function.” Ray v. Tucson Med. Ctr., 72 Ariz. 22, 35 (1951). In this case, as the
Does concede, any duty Dr. Herrod had to report the abuse of the Does is
governed by § 13-3620(A)(1). That statute defines both the duty to report
and its scope. See Gipson, 214 Ariz. 141, ¶¶ 24-29 (statute can both create
and limit legal duty); Alhambra Sch. Dist. v. Superior Court, 165 Ariz. 38, 42
(1990) (“[A] duty of care may also be created by statute.”). Under the
express language of the statute, Dr. Herrod had a duty to report only if he
developed a reasonable belief of child abuse or neglect “in the course of
treating a patient.” § 13-3620(A)(1).

¶21 The Does “agree that the language relating to ‘in the course of
treating a patient’ applies to Dr. Herrod.” They argue, however, that
Herrod “could not dismiss abuse and neglect simply because he wore two
metaphorical hats as a medical doctor and as a lay bishop.” They further
assert, quoting a case decided by the Colorado Court of Appeals, that the
duty to report “applies irrespective of the circumstances in which the
reporter learns of or suspects abuse or neglect.” Heotis v. Colo. State Bd. of
Educ., 457 P.3d 691, ¶ 35 (Colo. App. 2019). That case does not support the
Does’ argument. In Heotis, the court noted that the statute in question did
not “limit the reporting duty only to child abuse or neglect that the teacher
learned about” in her employment. Id. ¶ 36. The court noted that, if the
duty to report was meant to be limited, the Colorado legislature could have
included “limiting language, such as ‘during his or her professional
duties,’” as it had in regard to commercial film processors. Id. That is
exactly what our legislature has done by limiting the scope of a physician’s
duty to report abuse or neglect to that knowledge developed “in the course
of treating a patient.” § 13-3620(A)(1).

¶22 The Does nevertheless maintain that “[t]he ‘two hat’ theory is
contrary to public policy” because it “encourages deliberate ignorance on
the part of a physician and acts as a disincentive to be inquisitive with
patients.” We have recognized the “strong policy reasons for requiring
professionals who work with children to report instances of suspected child
abuse.” L.A.R. v. Ludwig, 170 Ariz. 24, 27 (App. 1991). But the scope of
Herrod’s duty under the statute, as we have stated, is limited to
circumstances in which a doctor “develops the reasonable belief [that a
minor is or has been the victim of . . . abuse] in the course of treating a
patient.” § 13-3620(A)(1). Like the superior court, we must therefore
consider “case-specific facts in the duty inquiry” involving the
doctor-patient special relationship to determine “when and where the
alleged risk of harm arose—within or outside the scope of the special

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relationship.” Perez v. Circle K Convenience Stores, Inc., ___ Ariz. ___, ¶ 15,
564 P.3d 623, 628 (2025). “[A] duty based on special relationships . . . applies
only to risks that arise within the scope of the relationship, and the scope of
such relationships is [generally] bounded by geography and time.” Id. ¶ 12,
564 P.3d at 628 (first alteration added, second alteration in Perez) (quoting
Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz. 370, ¶ 15).

¶23 We agree with the Does that “reasonable [belief]” as used in
the reporting statute is a low standard, which may be met “if there are any
facts from which one could reasonably conclude that a child had been
abused.” L.A.R., 170 Ariz. at 27. But in this case, there is no question that
Dr. Herrod was aware that Jane Doe I had been abused. Instead, the issue
is whether he had received such information “in the course of treating a
patient.” See § 13-3620(A)(1). As we explain, the Does failed to present
evidence demonstrating the existence of a genuine dispute as to that fact.
See State v. Mecham, 173 Ariz. 474, 478 (App. 1992).

¶24 In its ruling on the motion for summary judgment, the
superior court determined, “There is no evidence that Herrod had reason
to suspect child abuse based on any information he gained from providing
treatment to” the Does and their parents after the confession. Indeed,
during argument on the motion in the superior court, the Does conceded
that “there was no further discussion about abuse” with Herrod as a doctor.
They argued instead that Herrod could not be allowed to “put out of his
mind that his child patient was being abused while he was that patient’s
doctor.”

¶25 Likewise, on appeal, the Does argue that Herrod “harbored a
‘reasonable belief’ of abuse or neglect.” Therefore, they maintain, he “could
not dismiss abuse and neglect simply because” he was both a doctor and a
lay bishop. Allowing him to do so violates the duty and standard of care
that they contend are created by § 13-3620(A)(1). To support this argument,
they rely on L.A. v. New Jersey Division of Youth & Family Services, 89 A.3d
553, 556 (2014), a New Jersey case that has no application here. In that case,
a child was treated in an emergency room after ingesting cologne. Id. at
555. The issue was whether the emergency room physician, who did not
report the matter, had “reasonable cause . . . to believe that child abuse
ha[d] occurred,” creating an obligation to report under New Jersey’s
reporting statute. Id. at 556. First, the New Jersey and Arizona statutes are
different. Compare N.J. STAT. ANN. § 9:6-8.10 (West 2019), with
§ 13-3620(A)(1). The New Jersey statute does not base a physician’s duty to
report on a reasonable belief of child abuse or neglect developed “in the

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course of treating a patient.” § 13-3620(A)(1); see § 9:6-8.10. Second, unlike
in this case, the physician treated the child for the very incident that
allegedly amounted to abuse. L.A., 89 A.3d at 566. As we have explained,
Arizona’s statute requires reporting by a physician only when he or she
develops knowledge of abuse in the course of treatment. Outside of the
duty created by that special relationship rooted in statute, Herrod owed no
duty to prevent harm by another, in this case the children’s father.

¶26 The Does, however, also contend there were “non-privileged”
conversations between Herrod and Leizza about different or ongoing
instances of child sexual abuse, separate from the act that was disclosed
during Paul’s confession. Because the Does bear the burden of proof at trial,
in opposing summary judgment, they were required to present admissible
evidence creating genuine issues of material fact as to each element of their
claim. See Martin v. Schroeder, 209 Ariz. 531, ¶ 12 (App. 2005). Many of the
Does’ claims, as we explain below, are conclusory and not supported with
citations to the record. See Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. 13(a)(7) (argument section
of opening brief must contain “appropriate references to the portions of the
record on which the appellant relies”); see also Desert Palm Surgical Grp.,
P.L.C. v. Petta, 236 Ariz. 568, ¶ 42 (App. 2015) (non-movants’ conclusory
statements, “unsupported by any documentary evidence,” were
speculative); Florez v. Sargeant, 185 Ariz. 521, 526 (1996) (self-serving
assertions lacking factual support are insufficient to defeat summary
judgment).

¶27 Further, where the Does do provide record citations, there is
no evidence to support their claim that Dr. Herrod received
“non-privileged” information from Leizza during the course of treating a
patient. See Kelly v. NationsBanc Mortg. Corp., 199 Ariz. 284, ¶ 14 (App. 2000)
(“When the party moving for summary judgment makes a prima facie
showing that no genuine issue of material fact exists, the burden shifts to
the opposing party to produce sufficient competent evidence to show that
an issue exists.”). Significantly, at oral argument on the motion for
summary judgment below, the superior court questioned the Does about
whether Dr. Herrod had learned of abuse apart from the initial confession.
The court stated that “as far as the doctor visits, whether they were at the
house, or whether they were in the clinic, I don’t see anything in there
where some new information came to him that should have . . . created a
reasonable suspicion of child abuse.” The Does responded: “[I]n terms of
what was said in the doctor’s office, there was no further discussion about
abuse.”

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¶28 Despite this concession in the superior court, the Does
nevertheless assert that Dr. Herrod “learned of the neglect and abuse from
Leizza Adams, the wife of the perpetrator . . . which was not covered by the
priest-penitent confession privilege.” To support this claim, the Does rely
on a transcript of a recorded interview at Herrod’s home in 2018, between
Herrod and a federal law enforcement agent, after Paul’s arrest and
subsequent suicide. The Does do not refer to any specific statements made
during the interview that even remotely relate to their claim. In any event,
the substance of the interview appears to relate largely to the
clergy-penitent confession and the subsequent counseling sessions in
Herrod’s capacity as a bishop, not about information he may have received
as a physician during the course of treating a patient. The statements
therefore do not constitute evidence that raises a genuine issue of fact. See
Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(c); United Bank of Ariz. v. Allyn, 167 Ariz. 191, 196 (App.
1991).

¶29 The Does also allege that “Bishop Herrod spoke to Leizza
Adams several times encouraging her to turn Paul in to the police.” They
assert, “As a result, it is clear that Dr. Herrod had knowledge of sex abuse
outside of the confession of Paul Adams.” For support, they cite portions
of Herrod’s deposition testimony concerning his conversations with Paul
and Leizza about “turning themselves in.”6 But again, those conversations
relate to the original confession and counseling, which are the subject of a
different appeal. The Does also refer to Herrod’s comment that he had
“discussed [Jane Doe I’s] well-being” with Leizza, but he did not
“remember exactly what [they] discussed.” This statement contains no
mention of child sexual abuse or neglect and does not support a reasonable
inference that Herrod had received information of abuse or neglect in his
role as a doctor. In sum, the statements are conclusory allegations that do
not “set forth specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial.” Ariz. R. Civ.
P. 56(e); see Mecham, 173 Ariz. at 478 (“A party cannot rely solely on
unsupported contentions that a dispute exists to create a factual issue that
would defeat summary judgment.”).

6Herrod was deposed on two occasions by the Does, each for a
different purpose. The first deposition was taken in Herrod’s personal
capacity, for the claims asserted against him as a bishop of the LDS Church.
In the second deposition, Herrod testified as the designated Rule 30(b)(6),
Ariz. R. Civ. P., witness for Lenzner Medical, in relation to the Does’
medical malpractice claims.

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¶30 In their reply brief, the Does “agree that the language [in
§ 13-3620(A)(1),] relating to ‘in the course of treating a patient’ applies to
Dr. Herrod.” But they contend that “he discovered the inability of Leizza
Adams to protect her children as her medical doctor in the course of treating
her as a patient.” They essentially argue that Leizza neglected the children
by not reporting Paul’s sexual abuse, and Herrod was aware of her failure
to do so. Therefore, they maintain Herrod had “learned more than enough
as a physician that Leizza Adams was guilty of child abuse and neglect.”7
But again, this argument is flawed because it relies on the information
Herrod learned from Paul’s confession. In the absence of Paul’s confession
to the act of sexual abuse against Jane Doe I in 2011, Herrod would have no
reason to believe Leizza needed to protect her children from anything.

¶31 Moreover, the Does’ argument that “Dr. Herrod knew, as
Leizza’s physician, that Leizza Adams was incapable of protecting her
children from her predatory husband” is based solely on their contention
that Herrod believed she “suffered from Battered Woman Syndrome.” This
claim is based on a comment Herrod made during his recorded interview
with the federal agent in 2018, after Paul’s arrest and subsequent suicide.
And aside from this comment, the Does do not point to any evidence in the
record that Herrod had diagnosed Leizza with Battered Woman Syndrome,
or that he was even qualified to do so, around the time Herrod had learned
of the abuse.

7The record does not support this argument. During his deposition,
Herrod was asked “what [he] did to assist Jane Doe I” after “learning that
[she] had been abused by Paul Adams,” and the following dialogue ensued:

Plaintiff’s Counsel: How did you protect the children from further acts?

Herrod: I spoke with Leizza on many occasions, and she told me that the—
that no further acts were occurring. We had agreed that he should be gone
from the house as much as possible. And to my recollection, he took a job
in Tucson. He was never to be home alone with the children. And I think
that she communicated with the children frequently to make sure no—that
the child, excuse me, Jane Doe I, that no further acts occurred.

This testimony supports Herrod’s argument that he did not learn about any
child abuse or neglect from Leizza, while he was treating her as a patient or
otherwise.

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¶32 Ultimately, the Does have not identified any evidence that
Dr. Herrod learned about child abuse or neglect of the Does in his capacity
as a physician, much less in the course of treating a patient. As the Medical
Defendants point out, Jane Doe I and John Doe never stated that they had
discussed their father’s sexual abuse with Herrod. Both stated that they
recall visiting Herrod’s office, and Jane Doe I remembers Herrod coming to
their house when they were sick. But neither statement amounts to
evidence that would give rise to a reasonable belief of abuse. Several of
Herrod’s employees from Lenzner Medical stated they remembered the
family being patients of the clinic, but none of the employees indicated
there were any signs of child abuse. Herrod testified that he did not receive
any information from Paul, Leizza, the Does, or anyone else that would
have given him reason to believe abuse was occurring, in his professional
capacity as a doctor, “in the course of treating a patient.” See
§ 13-3620(A)(1).

The Dissent

¶33 Our dissenting colleague misstates the majority’s position
regarding the existence of a duty. Like the superior court, we accept as a
given that Dr. Herrod treated the entire family, so that is not the open
question the dissent makes it out to be. As such, there is also no question
that there was a doctor-patient relationship between Herrod and the
Does—a special relationship that gave rise to a general duty of care in the
treatment of the children owed by Herrod. But the dissent raises issues that
the Does neither argued below nor on appeal. Specifically, the Does do not
argue that Herrod owed a separate common law duty based on the special
relationship between physicians and patients. To the contrary, they argue
“Dr. Herrod failed to ‘report’ under A.R.S. §13-3620(A)” and that that
failure breached the standard of care. Consequently, the record in this case
is devoid of any argument that Herrod breached a separate duty arising
under common law or the medical malpractice statutes, and it is not for this
court to address an argument the parties have not raised.8 See Ariz. R. Civ.
App. P. 13(a) (appellant’s brief must contain statement of issues for review
with contentions concerning each issue presented, supporting legal
authority, appropriate references to record, and reasons for each
contention); Calnimptewa v. Flagstaff Police Dep’t, 200 Ariz. 567, ¶ 24 (App.
2001) (appellate opinions should not be read “as authority for matters [that
are not] specifically presented and discussed”); Childress Buick Co. v.

8And for this reason, we cannot address which duty would govern,

one existing under the common law, if any, or the statutory duty.

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Opinion of the Court

O’Connell, 198 Ariz. 454, ¶ 29 (App. 2000) (declining to decide appeals on
issues parties “did not present and may well have intentionally decided not
to present” is a “wise policy of judicial restraint”).

¶34 Our dissenting colleague seems to suggest that a physician’s
duty to report suspected child abuse is synonymous with a physician’s duty
to “marshal information in their possession, pertinent to the patient’s
health, to protect them from that risk of harm.” Again, this is an argument
not raised by the Does, either below or on appeal. Indeed, they specifically
assert that Dr. Herrod did not have a “duty to investigate, intervene, and
stop the abuse.” To be sure, a physician’s duty to protect his or her patient’s
health remains largely grounded in common law. See, e.g., Roebuck v. Mayo
Clinic, 256 Ariz. 161, ¶ 18 (App. 2023) (recognizing cause of action for
medical malpractice to be fundamental right and thereby protected against
abrogation by Ariz. Const., art. 18, § 6 because it has “origins in the common
law”). However, even were we to accept that the duty might encompass
obligations to report suspected child abuse to the authorities, that reporting
obligation is governed by the conditions set forth in § 13-3620. Neither the
parties nor the dissent cite to any cases establishing a common law duty to
report child abuse, and we likewise are aware of none. Thus, we disagree
that our interpretation of § 13-3620 introduces “a limitation at odds with
our civil statutes and common law.”

¶35 We therefore also disagree with the dissent that the duty of
care arising from the doctor-patient relationship, as a special relationship
under the common law, is “the sole criteria for determining duty” and that
the superior court thus erred in granting summary judgment. Our supreme
court has clarified that duties arising from a special relationship only apply
to risks “within the scope of the relationship,” which is “bounded by
geography and time.” Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz. 370, ¶¶ 17-18 (quoting Boisson,
236 Ariz. 619, ¶ 10, and then Monroe v. Basis Sch., Inc., 234 Ariz. 155, ¶ 6
(App. 2014)). The Does themselves acknowledge this rule and attempt to
distinguish it, as noted above.

¶36 In Perez, our supreme court explained that “[t]he purpose in
examining case-specific facts in the duty inquiry involving a special
relationship is determining when and where the alleged risk of harm arose—
within or outside the scope of the special relationship.” ___ Ariz. ___, ¶ 15,
564 P.3d at 628. The reporting statute expressly defines the when and where
of the circumstances triggering a physician’s duty to report. It specifies that
the duty exists only when he or she “develops the reasonable belief in the
course of treating a patient.” § 13-3620(A)(1). The facts cited by the

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Opinion of the Court

majority therefore have direct bearing on the existence and scope of
Dr. Herrod’s duty to report, not on whether he breached the standard of
care, as the dissent maintains.9 See Perez, ___ Ariz. ___, ¶ 20, 564 P.3d at 630
(“[S]ometimes certain antecedent facts must be considered in determining
whether a duty exists—for instance, whether a statute applies to a
circumstance to give rise to a duty . . . .”); see also Gipson, 214 Ariz. 141, ¶ 10
(duty is defined as legal obligation requiring defendant to conform to
certain standard of conduct to protect others from unreasonable risk of
harm while standard of care is defined as what defendant must do to satisfy
duty).

¶37 Notably, the scope of a physician’s duty to report under
§ 13-3620(A)(1), is consistent with Arizona’s medical malpractice statutes,
upon which the Does have based their related claims. Under A.R.S.
§ 12-561(2), a medical malpractice action is “an action for injury or death
against a licensed health care provider based upon such provider’s alleged
negligence, misconduct, errors or omissions, or breach of contract in the
rendering of health care.” (Emphasis added.) Although Dr. Herrod was the
family’s doctor, the Does offered no evidence that he had received any
information or observed anything in the course of treating a patient that
would lead to a reasonable belief that the Does were victims of abuse or
neglect. Specifically, there is no evidence that Herrod received any
information about abuse or neglect at his medical office or at any other
location at which he may have rendered healthcare. As we previously
noted, the Does conceded this point and any duty to report the information
he received in his capacity as bishop is the subject of a separate appeal.

¶38 The superior court correctly concluded that the only evidence
presented by the Does may have established a standard of care, but it did
not establish a duty to report, which as we explained above, is a question
of law. We therefore agree with our dissenting colleague that the Does’

9To clarify, such inquiries that may fall under the standard of care

would be, for example, whether the information received during the course
of treating a patient amounts to a “reasonable belief” of child abuse;
whether the actions taken by the physician were sufficient to constitute
“report[ing] or caus[ing] reports to be made”; or whether the timing of the
reporting amounted to being “immediate[].” In other words, what the
physician “must do, or must not do . . . to satisfy the duty” to report child
abuse. See Gipson, 214 Ariz. 141, ¶ 10 (quoting Coburn v. City of Tucson, 143
Ariz. 50, 52 (1984)).

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expert opinion and ethical opinion of the AMA may have established a
standard of care. The dissent acknowledges that Dr. Herrod’s knowledge
of abuse was gained “outside of the clinical setting” and therefore not “in
the course of treating a patient.” But our colleague incorrectly states this
does not limit when a physician’s duty to report arises. The statute defines
a physician’s reporting duty. And because we conclude no duty exists in
this case—again, solely as it relates to a physician’s reporting of child
abuse—we need not decide other issues like standard of care. See Beck v.
Mountain States Tel. & Tel. Co., 153 Ariz. 426, 429 (App. 1987).

¶39 Last, we disagree with the dissent’s position that § 13-3620 is
a criminal statute that “describes only what steps physicians ‘must do or
must not do,’ in the context of child abuse, to avoid criminal penalties.”10
None of the reported cases addressing § 13-3620 involve criminal
prosecutions for the failure to report, and most importantly, those involving
physicians and others covered by § 13-3620(A)(1) all treat the obligation to
report as a question of duty and not as one of the standard of care. See Avitia
v. Crisis Preparation & Recovery Inc., 256 Ariz. 198 (2023) (addressing mental
health professionals’ statutory duty to report); State v. Zeitner, 246 Ariz. 161,
¶ 21 (2019) (noting instances where the legislature has mandated duty to
disclose information otherwise protected by physician-patient privilege);
Johnson v. O'Connor, 235 Ariz. 85, ¶ 29 (App. 2014) (psychologist-client
privilege not applicable where mandatory reporting statute requires
disclosure); Ramsey v. Yavapai Fam. Advoc. Ctr., 225 Ariz. 132 (App. 2010)
(discussing mental health and medical providers’ mandatory duty to
report); Waters v. O’Connor, 209 Ariz. 380, n.8 (App. 2004) (footnote
discussing scope of clergy duty to disclose); State v. Herrera, 203 Ariz. 131,
¶¶ 9-17 (App. 2002) (addressing marital privilege in prosecution for abuse);
State v. Wilson, 200 Ariz. 390, n.1 (App. 2001) (discussing statutory
exceptions to physician-patient privilege); State v. Escobar-Mendez, 195 Ariz.
194, ¶¶ 16-17 (App. 1999) (whether duty to report under statute makes
physician an agent of the state); In re Timothy C., 194 Ariz. 159, ¶ 3 (App.
1998) (noting psychologist had duty to report evaluation of child for “sexual
disorder” under statute); State v. Superior Court, 183 Ariz. 462 (App. 1995)
(medical records relating to physician’s treatment of alleged abuser not
protected by privilege under statute); Benton v. Superior Court, 182 Ariz. 466,

10A criminal statute, despite being “silent on the issue of civil
liability,” can establish a civil duty if it is “designed to protect the class of
persons, in which the plaintiff is included, against the risk of the type of
harm which has in fact occurred.” Gipson, 214 Ariz. 141, ¶¶ 26-27.

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469 (App. 1994) (statute cited in general discussion of physician’s duty to
disclose certain information); Blazek v. Superior Court, 177 Ariz. 535, 538-39
(App. 1994) (statute listed as example of exception to marital
communication privilege); L.A.R., 170 Ariz. 24 (counselor’s reporting of
abuse); Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v. Superior Court, 159 Ariz.
24 (App. 1988) (whether statute creates testimonial privilege for clergy
independent of penitent’s consent); Samaritan Health Servs. v. City of
Glendale, 148 Ariz. 394, 397 (App. 1986) (collecting statutes regarding
physicians’ and others’ duty to report); State v. Salzman, 139 Ariz. 521 (App.
1984) (addressing scope of marital privilege against testifying in
prosecution for child molestation); State v. Riffle, 131 Ariz. 65, 66 (App. 1981)
(noting hospital staff’s reporting of suspected child abuse under statute).

¶40 In sum, to survive a motion for summary judgment, a plaintiff
must produce admissible evidence from which a reasonable jury could find
in his favor on each element. See Orme Sch., 166 Ariz. at 309-10. This
includes the existence of a duty. Avitia, 256 Ariz. 198, ¶ 26 (“The plaintiff
bears the burden to establish that a duty exists.”). Because the Does failed
to show a genuine dispute as to whether Dr. Herrod had developed a
reasonable belief of sexual abuse or neglect in his capacity as a physician
that would have triggered his duty to report, the superior court did not err
in granting summary judgment. See Orme Sch., 166 Ariz. at 309-10.

Disposition

¶41 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the superior court’s grant
of summary judgment in favor of the Medical Defendants on all claims.

V Á S Q U E Z, Judge, specially concurring:

¶42 As the majority points out, the Does have not argued, either
in the superior court or on appeal, that there is a separate common law duty
to report or that the medical malpractice statutes establish one. Indeed,
they have expressly stated that the duty to report at the center of this case
is entirely governed by § 13-3620. It is therefore inappropriate for us to
speculate about any common law duty, much less whether such a duty
would supersede the statutory duty. Under the guise of a waiver analysis,
the dissent nevertheless does exactly that. I write separately to address our
dissenting colleague’s position.

¶43 Even assuming the Does had established the existence of a
common law duty to report, any such duty must give way to the statutory
duty to the extent the two differ. See A.R.S. § 1-201 (common law governs

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Opinion of the Court

court decisions only to the extent it is consistent with the laws of this state);
see Quiroz, 243 Ariz. 560, ¶ 2 (“In the absence of such legislative guidance,
duty may be based on the common law.”). Under § 13-3620, the legislature
has adopted a duty to report abuse, physical injury, and neglect of children
committed by third-parties for persons, including physicians, who hold
certain positions. The statute expressly codifies a “duty to report,” id., not
a standard of care as the dissent maintains.11 The duty applies to any of the
covered persons “who reasonably believe[] that a minor is or has been the
victim of physical injury, abuse, child abuse, a reportable offense or neglect
that appears to have been inflicted on the minor by other than accidental
means.” Id. And contrary to our dissenting colleague’s view, even
assuming there were some evidence of a broader common law duty to
report, the statute expressly provides that a physician’s duty arises when a
reasonable belief is developed “in the course of treating a patient.” Id. The
statute governs. See § 1-201; Garibay v. Johnson, ___ Ariz. ___, ¶ 19, 565 P.3d
236, 242 (2025) (recognizing that “statutes may abrogate or limit the
common law” and that “common law rules only apply when legislative
guidance is lacking”). If this were not the case and some broader common
law duty controlled, there would be no need for the statute.

¶44 The dissent’s reliance on Avitia is misplaced. As a preliminary
matter, Avitia addressed both the common law and statute because both
were raised in that case and the court concluded the statute did not
apply. 256 Ariz. 198, ¶¶ 19, 25 . It explained, “[W]e need not resolve whether
a duty ever arises under § 13-3620(A) for a non-treating mental health
professional to report harm to third parties because the statute’s plain
language clearly forecloses such a duty here.” Id. ¶ 22. Quoting the statute,
the court reasoned that it “creates a duty only when a person subject to the
statute ‘reasonably believes that a minor is or has been the victim’ of injury,
abuse, or neglect that ‘appears to have been inflicted on the minor.’” Id.
“That language is present and past tense, meaning that the belief pertains
to existing or past circumstances, not speculation regarding the future.” Id.

11Although “headings to sections . . . do not constitute part of the

law,” A.R.S. § 1-212, “where an ambiguity exists the title may be used to aid
in the interpretation of the statute,” State v. Barnett, 142 Ariz. 592, 597 (1984).
The Does do not argue, nor do we think that § 13-3620 is ambiguous.
Nevertheless, the heading clearly describes, consistent with the statute
itself, the existence of a duty and not a standard of care. See State v. Eagle, 196 Ariz. 188, ¶ 7 (2000).

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¶45 Then, in addressing the common law duty and public policy,
Avitia overruled two cases: Hamman v. County of Maricopa, 161 Ariz. 58
(1989), which found the existence of a common law duty based on
foreseeability, and Little v. All Phoenix South Community Mental Health
Center, 186 Ariz. 97 (App. 1996), which held that A.R.S. § 36-517.02
“unconstitutionally abrogates the common law cause of action established
in Hamman.” Our supreme court expressly stated, “[B]ecause we overrule
Hamman, Little’s conclusion that ‘§ 36-517.02 unconstitutionally abrogates
the common law cause of action established in Hamman’ is no longer
viable.” Avitia, 256 Ariz. 198, ¶ 38 (internal citation omitted).

¶46 The court noted that “Article 18, section 6 of the Arizona
Constitution only protects common law rights in existence at the time the
Constitution was adopted or that are based on those rights.” Id. The court
stated that Hamman “exercised the policy choice” to reject one standard as
too narrow and to instead adopt one based on foreseeability. Id. ¶ 39. It
further noted that “Little then erroneously divested the legislature of its
constitutional authority to modify this judicially proclaimed public policy,
and we therefore overrule it as well.” Id.

¶47 The court pointed out that the parties “did not brief whether
§ 36-517.02 would be restored if this Court overturned Little.” Id. ¶ 41. But
it noted that the statute and common law liability were “consistent.” Id. In
this case, if the Does had argued the common law duty, to the extent one
existed, and statutory duty were consistent, we would be left with the result
reached by the majority because Dr. Herrod did not receive information
about abuse or neglect “in the course of treating a patient.” § 13-3620(A)(1);
see § 12-561 (establishing duty in medical malpractice actions requires
plaintiff to allege physician was negligent “in the rendering of health care”).
However, in addressing the hypothetical situation in which a statute and
common law are not consistent, the court in Avitia stated: “Beyond
statutory duties, a common law duty may be found in parts of the
Restatement, which we ‘generally follow . . . unless it conflicts with Arizona
law.’” 256 Ariz. 198, ¶ 43 (quoting Quiroz, 243 Ariz. 560, ¶ 41). Thus, the
court indicated how any inconsistency between the statute and common
law should be resolved. It is for the legislature to define public policy—so
where the common law is inconsistent with a statute in regard to a special
relationship created on the basis of such policy, the common law must give
way. See Seisinger, 220 Ariz. 85, ¶¶ 27-28 & 28 (“[W]hen a substantive
statute conflicts with the common law, the statute prevails under a
separation of powers analysis.”); see also Zambrano v. M & RC II LLC, 254
Ariz. 53, ¶ 43 (2022) (courts “exercise great restraint in declaring public

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Opinion of the Court

policy in the absence of legislative guidance” (quoting Cal-Am Props. Inc. v.
Edais Eng’g Inc., 253 Ariz. 78, ¶ 17 (2022)).

¶48 I recognize our supreme court has held that “if the common
law is to be changed or abrogated by statute, the legislature must do so
expressly or by necessary implication.” Pleak v. Entrada Prop. Owners’ Ass’n,
207 Ariz. 418, ¶ 12 (2004). In this case, the Does have not argued a separate
common law duty to report, so we are left to speculate about any
discrepancy. But when a statute and common law define a duty differently,
the “necessary implication” is that the legislature has chosen a public policy
direction. And when faced with such an inconsistency, our obligation is to
defer to the legislature’s enactment since it is authorized to set public policy.
See Seisinger, 220 Ariz. 85, ¶¶ 27-28. This is so even when the statute does
not expressly state that it supersedes the common law. Indeed, § 36-517.02,
discussed in Avitia, does not expressly state that it abrogates the common
law. Yet our supreme court said, “Little then erroneously divested the
legislature of its constitutional authority to modify this judicially
proclaimed public policy, and we therefore overrule it as well.” Avitia, 256
Ariz. 198, ¶ 39. The court also expressly cited § 1-201 which broadly and
unequivocally states that “[t]he common law only so far as it is consistent
with . . . and not inconsistent with . . . the laws of this state, is adopted.” Id.
¶ 38. A showing of consistency or inconsistency with a statute is all that is
required for the common law to stand or fall.

¶49 In sum, the court in Avitia evaluated duty under both the
common law and statute because both were argued. I believe the dissent’s
position is not found in any statute and would essentially divest the
legislature of its constitutional authority to both determine the duty to
report child abuse and its scope.

E C K E R S T R O M, Presiding Judge, dissenting:

¶50 In negligence cases, Arizona courts determine whether a
defendant owes a duty to a plaintiff by assessing the nature of the
relationship between the parties. See Quiroz, 243 Ariz. 560, ¶ 14.
Specifically, our supreme court has explained that a duty of care is based
on “recognized common law special relationships or relationships created
by public policy.” Id.

¶51 In Arizona, it is settled, both by statute and under the
common law, that healthcare providers owe a duty of care to their own
patients. A.R.S. §§ 12-561 to 12-573 (acknowledging duty by setting forth
comprehensive statutory scheme for litigation of medical malpractice

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Opinion of the Court

actions raised by patients against their healthcare providers); see, e.g., Hafner
v. Beck, 185 Ariz. 389, 391 (App. 1996) (common law duty created by
physician-patient relationship where physician provides treatment to
patient); Stanley, 208 Ariz. 219, ¶¶ 10-11, 13 (implicitly acknowledging that
“traditional doctor-patient relationship” would create duty); see also
§ 13-3620(A) (creating statutory obligation for physicians to report child
abuse and therefore signaling special relationship created by public policy).

¶52 Here, the Does presented declarations and testimony that
Dr. Herrod acted as their physician during the time frame of their abuse.
Although disputed by Herrod, the superior court found, and the majority
does not dispute, that these declarations created a genuine issue of material
fact on that question. Because physicians owe a duty of care to their
patients, recognized in both Arizona statute and common law, and the Does
have proffered evidence showing that such a relationship existed, the
superior court erred in granting summary judgment on the ground that the
Does had failed to establish this element.12

12The majority asserts that the issue was not squarely raised by the

Does on appeal. But, to the extent the Does waived the precise arguments
that would have triggered the correct analysis of duty in this case, waiver
is a prudential doctrine. See City of Tucson v. Clear Channel Outdoor, Inc., 209
Ariz. 544, n.9 (2005). We should be reluctant to apply it when, as here, doing
so would require us to reach a legally incorrect result and thereby mislead
future trial courts and litigants encountering similar questions under
§ 13-3620(A).

And, although not the central thrust of their arguments on appeal, the Does
have squarely challenged the propriety of the grant of summary judgment
by arguing, in their opening brief, that common-law professional standards
of care should prevail: “The Plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Berg, stated that, based
on a clear medical and ethical standard of care, Dr. Herrod had a duty to
report the abuse of the children and the neglect by their mother.” Similarly,
before the superior court, the Does challenged the Medical Defendants’
motion for summary judgment by emphasizing, in the very first sentence
of their opposition, that “Dr. John Herrod [had] treated Paul Adams . . . and
the Adams children at Defendant Lenzner Medical Services,” such that
“Dr. Herrod and Lenzner owed Plaintiffs a duty of care.”

Finally, the majority’s contention that the Does have expressly eschewed
analysis under traditional duty analysis takes the Does’ argument out of

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Opinion of the Court

¶53 The majority nonetheless affirms the superior court’s
judgment, asserting that the language of § 13-3620(A)(1) narrows the scope
of a physician’s traditional duty of care. Based on that statute, my
colleagues specifically conclude that physicians owe no civil duty, in the
context of child abuse, to marshal information acquired outside of the
clinical setting in protecting their patient’s health. But, to the extent
§ 13-3620(A), a criminal statute, pertains to a physician’s civil liability in
tort, I cannot agree that its terms address the question of duty.

¶54 Our supreme court has pointedly stated, “The existence of a
duty of care is a distinct issue from whether the standard of care has been
met in a particular case.” Gipson, 214 Ariz. 141, ¶ 10. In elaborating on that
difference, that court has characterized the standard-of-care question as one
determining “[w]hat the defendant must do or must not do . . . to satisfy the
duty.” Perez, ___ Ariz. ___, ¶ 18, 564 P.3d at 629 (quoting Coburn v. City of
Tucson, 143 Ariz. 50, 52 (1984) (quoting with approval standard of care
definition from W. Prosser & W. Keeton, The Law of Torts § 53, at 356 (5th
ed. 1984))).

¶55 To the extent Dr. Herrod acted as the Does’ physician, he
undertook a duty of care for their health. In calibrating the species of
information requiring Herrod to report, § 13-3620(A) addresses what
Herrod “must do or must not do” to satisfy the traditional relationship
between physician and patient—a standard-of-care question as our courts
have consistently defined it. Perez, ___ Ariz. ___, ¶ 18, 564 P.3d at 629.
Thus, when contesting whether Herrod should have conveyed his
knowledge of the Does’ abuse to law enforcement, the parties dispute not
whether Herrod had a threshold duty to protect the Does’ health, but what
that duty entails.

¶56 Nor does the statute’s criteria for a physician’s criminal
liability sound as a “scope” of duty question. Id. When resolving whether
a particular injury falls within the scope of a special relationship, we must
assess “whether the risk of harm” that is “alleged to have injured the
plaintiff arose within that relationship.” Id. ¶¶ 20-21. Under traditional

context. Instead, the Does merely seek to distinguish the analysis of duty
under § 13-3620(A) from Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz. 370. Indeed, they proceed to
argue that duty under that statute should be analyzed under Gipson and
Quiroz—both cases which focus on assessing duty through the traditional
lenses of special relationships arising from both the common law and
statutes.

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understandings of the physician-patient relationship, Dr. Herrod
undertook to protect the Does from risks of harm to their health. The Does
allege grievous injuries to their health that they assert Herrod could have
prevented. And, assuming the facts in the light most favorable to the Does,
those injuries could have been mitigated or prevented by Herrod during
the time he treated them. Thus, both the nature of the injuries suffered, and
the timing of when they occurred, fell squarely within the scope of Herrod’s
duty.

¶57 The physician-patient relationship also creates a presumption
that physicians will marshal information in their possession, pertinent to a
patient’s health, to protect the patient from that risk of harm. See, e.g.,
Stanley, 208 Ariz. 219, ¶ 13. (radiologist had affirmative duty to disclose
x-ray information pertinent to patient’s health even in absence of direct
contractual relationship with patient).13 Once Paul confessed to Dr. Herrod
that he had been sexually abusing his eldest daughter, Herrod possessed
information, pertinent to her health, that he failed to marshal to protect her
health, as well as that of her siblings.14 Thus, the very gravamen of the
negligence claim here stands at the core of a physician’s traditional duty to
a patient.

¶58 The superior court also overlooked that § 13-3620 does not
purport to limit the common law duty of physicians to care for their
patient’s health. That provision describes only what steps physicians “must
do or must not do,” in the context of child abuse, to avoid criminal penalties.
Perez, ___ Ariz. ___, ¶ 18, 564 P.3d at 629. No text in § 13-3620 describes the
underlying nature of the relationship between a physician and patient—the
sole criteria for determining duty. To the contrary, the operative provisions

13The Does also assert a species of this argument in their opening

brief, emphasizing that Dr. Herrod could not ignore information at his
disposal in caring for his patients.
14In this case, the Medical Defendants assert that the application of

the priest-penitent privilege should substantially limit the evidence that the
Does can marshal to support their cause of action. How the superior court
resolves the contours of that privilege should be the central question
driving whether the Does have sufficient facts to present to a jury. But it is
a separate question from whether the Does have established a threshold
duty of care.

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imply that physicians owe a threshold duty sufficiently robust to justify
criminal sanctions for their dereliction.

¶59 But, even assuming that § 13-3620, a criminal statute, can be
characterized as relevant to this civil action, it must be applied in the context
of §§ 12-561 and 12-563. These provisions articulate the civil standards for
duty and standard of care pertaining to medical malpractice actions.
Section 12-561 defines a cognizable medical malpractice action as one that
asserts a physician has been negligent “in the rendering of health care”—a
clause which defines a physician’s duty of care broadly. Under § 12-563, a
healthcare provider breaches that duty by “fail[ing] to exercise that degree
of care, skill and learning expected of a reasonable, prudent healthcare
provider in the profession or class to which he belongs within the state
acting in the same or similar circumstances.” § 12-563(1).15 Neither
provision relieves physicians of civil liability when they fail to marshal
crucial information at their disposal to prevent harm to their patients’
health.16

¶60 Thus, § 13-3620(A) could only be construed as limiting a
physician’s scope of duty if its terms can be understood to qualify or
override those civil statutes in the context of the reporting of child abuse.
When we seek guidance from two statutes that address the same subject
matter, we must harmonize them. UNUM Life Ins. Co. of Am. v. Craig, 200

15To establish such a breach here, the Does have proffered both the

expert opinion of a qualified physician, Dr. Richard Berg, and an ethical
opinion from the AMA. Those opinions respectively assert and support that
Dr. Herrod fell below his professional standard of care when he failed to
consider information, secured outside the clinical setting, in caring for his
patients. Thus, to the extent Herrod acquired non-privileged information,
outside of the clinical setting, that would alert a reasonable person that the
Does were being abused, that proffer would create a genuine dispute as to
whether Herrod fell below the standard of care as our legislature has
defined it for medical malpractice actions. See § 12-563(1).
16My colleagues construe the phrase “in the rendering of health care”

as a narrow duty provision, addressing exclusively the interaction with a
patient in a clinical setting. § 12-561 But, our supreme court has implicitly
held that a physicians duty—part of the “rendering of health care”—
includes marshalling information, once acquired, to the patient’s benefit,
even when a physician has never met the patient. Stanley, 208 Ariz. 219,
¶ 13.

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Ariz. 327, ¶ 11 (2001). Here, we may readily do so by acknowledging the
difference between statutes imposing criminal and civil liability. Generally,
the former are reserved for discouraging and punishing more acute
misconduct. See State v. Far West Water & Sewer Inc., 224 Ariz. 173, ¶ 108
(App. 2010) (explaining legislature’s general intent to articulate marked
difference between criminal recklessness and civil negligence as basis for
criminal prosecutions beyond civil liability); Prosise v. Kottke, 249 Ariz. 75,
¶ 25 (App. 2020) (addressing severity of conduct necessary to distinguish
“between civil and criminal conduct”). For this reason, criminal statutes, to
the extent pertinent to civil negligence cases, are generally understood as
setting forth only minimum standards of conduct that, when violated, may
constitute negligence per se. See Restatement (Third) of Torts: Phys. &
Emot. Harm § 16 (2010) (“An actor’s compliance with a pertinent statute . . .
does not preclude a finding that the actor is negligent . . . for failing to adopt
precautions in addition to those mandated by the statute.”); see also
Restatement (Second) of Torts § 288C cmt. a (1965) (applying same principle
to criminal statutes as setting forth only minimum standard of care); see,
e.g., Barret v. Lucky Seven Saloon, Inc., 96 P.3d 386, 393 (Wash. 2004) (criminal
statutes may establish “minimum standards of conduct”); Brannigan v.
Raybuck, 136 Ariz. 513, 517 (1983) (violation of criminal statutes may
constitute negligence per se).

¶61 The text of § 13-3620 supports such an application. Its
language imposes criminal liability on those physicians who fail to report
abuse evident “in the course of treat[ment].” See § 13-3620(A), (O). But no
language therein relieves physicians of civil liability when they fail to report
such information acquired outside of clinical settings. AAA Cab Serv., Inc.
v. Indus. Comm’n, 213 Ariz. 342, ¶ 6 (App. 2006) (“This court cannot write a
term into the statute that the legislature did not include.”). And, far from
expressly modifying the standards for civil liability articulated in § 12-561
and § 12-563, § 13-3620 does not refer to those statutes at all. This court
should be reluctant to infer a limitation on a physician’s civil duty to his
patients—a limitation at odds with our civil statutes and common law—
from a criminal statute that fails to expressly address those standards at
all.17

17The concurring opinion correctly asserts that the scope of common

law duty may be readily narrowed by statute—even when such statutes do
not expressly articulate an intent to do so. See Avitia, 256 Ariz. 198, ¶ 39
(holding that § 36-517.02 overrides common law). But we do not address

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Opinion of the Court

¶62 Further, the majority reasoning implies that the same statute
that expressly extends criminal liability to a physician who fails to report
child abuse evident in the course of treatment—may be read to impliedly
limit a physician’s civil liability for a species of the same conduct. In so
doing, the majority’s holding defies the statute’s purpose: to broadly
protect children by motivating caregivers to report abuse to law
enforcement. See L.A.R., 170 Ariz. 24, 27 (finding § 13-3620(A) evinces a
public policy of “encouraging people to report child abuse”). The
majority’s holding instead reduces the circumstances under which a
physician must act to protect children and it shields physicians from even
civil liability when they arguably violate their own profession’s standards
for reporting such abuse. While I am skeptical the legislature would have
intended such a result, I am certain the plain language of the statute does
not justify it.

¶63 Lastly, the majority asserts that the reported cases addressing
§ 13-3620 “all treat the obligation to report as a duty and not as a standard
of care.” But, of the cases it cites for that proposition, only Avitia addresses
any duty question under § 13-3620(A).18 256 Ariz. 198, ¶¶ 16-24. That case
does not resolve whether the statute’s language—confining criminal
liability for physicians to information acquired “in the course of
treat[ment]”—conjures a “scope of a special relationship” or a
standard-of-care question. Id. ¶ 21 (declining to reach question of whether
statute “pertains” to defendant under “course of treat[ment]” clause); Perez,
___ Ariz. ___, ¶ 20, 564 P.3d at 630. To be sure, the court freely uses the
word “duty” synonymously with “obligation” in determining the
applicability of the statute to defendants. Avitia, 256 Ariz. 198, ¶ 24
(“Section 13-3620(A) imposes important duties to report abuse and neglect
of children . . . .”). But, it never clarifies or addresses whether those

that presentation here. The civil duty of physicians to patients is found not
only in our settled common law, but also in our civil statutes enacted by the
legislature itself. See §§ 12-561, 12-563 (codifying physicians’ scope of civil
liability for negligence actions).
18Zeitner, 246 Ariz. 161, ¶ 21, and Johnson, 235 Ariz. 85, ¶ 29, address

§ 13-3620 only insofar as they discuss exceptions to privilege. In Ramsey,
225 Ariz. 132, ¶ 12, this court considered whether a mental health counselor
owed a duty of care to a third-party alleged sexual abuser. But it addressed
that question exclusively under the common law and never referenced the
text of § 13-3620 in doing so. Id. ¶¶ 17-28, 31-37 (addressing § 13-3620 only
in the context of immunity).

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Opinion of the Court

obligations should be characterized as defining the scope of any special
relationship as distinguished from describing standards of conduct. Id. ¶ 22
(flagging, but not resolving, authentic special relationship question of
whether, under statute, “non-treating mental health professional” has duty
to report harm to third parties). Notably, after determining that the mental-
health provider triggered no potential civil liability under the statute, the
court proceeded to address whether that provider possessed a common law
duty to a third party to report abuse. In so doing, the court implicitly
acknowledged that § 13-3620, a criminal statute, would not set the lone
standard for either duty or care for a civil case.

¶64 For the above reasons, I would conclude that § 13-3620(A)
establishes, at most, a minimum standard for physicians in reporting child
abuse to law enforcement. To the extent it does so, the statute describes a
minimum standard of care—rather than any limitation on a physician’s
threshold duty to care for their patient’s health. In finding otherwise, and
in rendering judgment against the Does on that basis, I would conclude the
superior court erred.

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