Cited by

§ 48- 5541.01(A), (K)(1); ¶ 4 (2014) (finding that the population of Maricopa Country is greater than three million).

No. 15, 395 U.S. 621, 627–28 (1969); ¶ 9 (2014) (noting that “if a law burdens fundamental rights .

But whatever the applicability of such a presumption in other contexts, “if a law burdens fundamental rights, such as free speech or freedom of religion, any presumption in its favor falls away.” ¶ 9 (2014).

For instance, the Court disapproved the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard because “[d]etermining constitutionality is a question of law, which we review de novo,” and this inquiry “fundamentally differs from determining the existence of historical facts, the determination of which is subject to deference.” ¶ 8 (2014).

City of Surprise v. Ariz. Corp. Comm’n, ¶ 10 (2019) (statutory interpretation); ¶ 8 (2014) (constitutional questions).

City of Surprise v. Ariz. Corp. Comm’n, ¶ 10 (2019) (statutes); ¶ 8 (2014) (constitutional questions); Valley Med.

Brnovich v. City of Tucson , , 599-600 ¶ 45, , 674-75 (2017) ("We generally do not reach out to decide important constitutional issues or to upset established precedent when no party has raised or argued such issues."); Gallardo v. State , , 87 ¶ 9, , 720 (2014) (noting that we "presume that the legislature acts constitutionally" (internal quotation marks omitted)).

See Gallardo v. State , , 87 ¶ 8, , 720 (2014).

“Special laws favor one person or group and disfavor others.” ¶ 10 (2014).

¶9 “Determining constitutionality is a question of law, which we review de novo.” ¶ 8 (2014).

-88 ¶ 9 (2014) (discussing presumption of constitutionality generally afforded to legislative enactments).

87 ¶ 8, , 720 (2014); , 91 ¶ 32

§ 13-901(A) violates Article 4, Part 2, Section 19(7), of the Arizona Constitution because it constitutes a “special law” for “[p]unishment of crimes and misdemeanors.” Special laws favor one person or group over others by “granting them a special or exclusive immunity, privilege, or franchise.” Ariz. Downs, 130 Ariz. at 557; ¶ 10 (2014) (citing Republic Inv.

87-88, ¶¶ 8-9, , 720-21 (2014); Chevron Chem.