Perez v. Circle K

IN THE

SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA

ROXANNE PEREZ,
Plaintiff/Appellant,

v.

CIRCLE K CONVENIENCE STORES, INC.,
A FOREIGN CORPORATION,
Defendant/Appellee.

No. CV-24-0104-PR
Filed March 12, 2025

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
The Honorable Joan M. Sinclair, Judge
No. CV2020-010129

REVERSED AND REMANDED

Opinion of the Court of Appeals,
Division One
257 Ariz. 271 (App. 2024)

VACATED IN PART

COUNSEL:

David L. Abney (argued), Ahwatukee Legal Office, P.C., Phoenix; Timothy
G. Tonkin, Nasser Abujbarah, Kevin Valdez, Phillips Law Group, P.C.,
Phoenix, Attorneys for Roxanne Perez
 PEREZ v. CIRCLE K CONVENIENCE STORES, INC.
Opinion of the Court

Wade R. Causey (argued), CHDB Law LLP, Tempe, Attorneys for Circle K
Convenience Stores, Inc.

Adam Studnicki, Studnicki Law Firm, Scottsdale; Benjamin Jemsek, Sara
Thomas, Sweet James, LLP, Phoenix, Attorneys for Amicus Curiae Arizona
Association for Justice/Arizona Trial Lawyers Association

CHIEF JUSTICE TIMMER authored the Opinion of the Court, in which
VICE CHIEF JUSTICE LOPEZ, JUSTICES BOLICK, BEENE,
MONTGOMERY, KING, and PELANDER (Retired)* joined.

CHIEF JUSTICE TIMMER, Opinion of the Court:

¶1 While shopping in a Circle K convenience store, Roxanne
Perez tripped over a store display of bottled water and injured herself.
She sued Circle K Convenience Stores, Inc. (“Circle K”) for negligence and
premises liability. The issue here is whether courts should consider if the
store display constituted an unreasonably dangerous condition when
determining whether Circle K owed Perez a duty of care. We conclude
that whether Circle K’s store display was an unreasonably dangerous
tripping hazard had no bearing on that duty issue. Because Perez was
Circle K’s business invitee, it owed her a duty to keep the store in a
reasonably safe condition while she was in the market. Whether the
display was an unreasonably dangerous condition is a consideration in
determining whether Circle K breached the standard of conduct underlying
its duty to Perez.
BACKGROUND

¶2 In March 2020, Perez went to a Circle K store she frequently
patronized to buy ice cream. After getting the ice cream from a freezer,
she turned to enter the next aisle when she tripped and fell over a single

*
Due to the retirement of Justice Robert Brutinel, pursuant to article 6,
section 3 of the Arizona Constitution, Justice John Pelander, retired Justice
of the Arizona Supreme Court, was designated to sit in this matter.
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case of water set on the floor at the end of that aisle. Circle K had placed
the case there as an “end-cap” display, which showcases the market’s
goods. Perez maintains she did not see the case of water before tripping.

¶3 Perez sued Circle K, alleging negligence and premises
liability and seeking damages for injuries suffered from her fall. She
alleged Circle K had notice that the single case of water was a dangerous
condition and therefore breached its duty by failing to either remedy the
condition or warn her of it.

¶4 The superior court granted Circle K’s motion for summary
judgment, finding as a matter of law that Circle K did not owe Perez a duty.
The court reasoned that because the water display was an open and obvious
condition, Perez would have seen it had she looked down, and the display
therefore did not “pose[] an unreasonable risk of harm sufficient to impose
a duty on Circle K to protect [Perez].” In a divided opinion, the court of
appeals affirmed. Perez v. Circle K Convenience Stores, Inc., 257 Ariz. 271,
273 ¶ 1 (App. 2024).

¶5 We granted Perez’s petition for review because whether a
court in a premises liability case properly considers whether a condition is
unreasonably dangerous in deciding the existence of a duty is a potentially
recurring issue of statewide importance. We have jurisdiction pursuant to
article 6, section 5(3), of the Arizona Constitution and A.R.S. § 12-120.24.

DISCUSSION

¶6 “We review the entry of summary judgment de novo,
viewing the facts in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.”
Dinsmoor v. City of Phoenix, 251 Ariz. 370, 373 ¶ 13 (2021). Summary
judgment is appropriate “if the moving party shows that there is no
genuine dispute as to any material fact and the moving party is entitled to
judgment as a matter of law.” Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(a). Also, “[w]hether a
duty exists is a legal issue we determine de novo.” Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz.
at 373 ¶ 14.

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Opinion of the Court

A. Perez Must Show That Circle K Owed Her A Duty Of Care To Prevail
On Her Negligence And Premises Liability Claims.

¶7 Negligence and premises liability each require proof that (1)
the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff to conform to a standard of
conduct that protects the plaintiff from an unreasonable risk of harm; (2)
the defendant breached that standard; (3) a causal connection exists
between the defendant’s acts or omissions and the plaintiff’s injury; and (4)
the plaintiff suffered actual damages. See Cal-Am Props. Inc. v. Edais Eng’g
Inc., 253 Ariz. 78, 81 ¶ 5 (2022) (negligence); Dabush v. Seacret Direct LLC, 250
Ariz. 264, 267 ¶ 9 (2021) (premises liability); McMurtry v. Weatherford Hotel,
Inc., 231 Ariz. 244, 252 ¶ 23 (App. 2013) (premises liability). Here, we are
concerned with duty. Duties are based either on special relationships
recognized by the common law or on relationships shaped by public policy.
Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz. at 373 ¶ 14; Quiroz v. ALCOA Inc., 243 Ariz. 560, 565 ¶ 14
(2018).

¶8 One relationship that creates a duty is the business-invitee
relationship. See Tribe v. Shell Oil Co., 133 Ariz. 517, 519 (1982). This
relationship forms when a business owner invites persons to enter or
remain on property possessed by the owner for purposes directly or
indirectly connected with its business dealings. See Nicoletti v. Westcor,
Inc., 131 Ariz. 140, 143 (1982). “The law is clear in Arizona that a
proprietor of a business is under an affirmative duty to make the premises
reasonably safe for use by invitees.” Tribe, 133 Ariz. at 519; see also Chiara
v. Fry’s Food Stores of Ariz., Inc., 152 Ariz. 398, 399 (1987); Nicoletti, 131 Ariz.
at 143; Preuss v. Sambo’s of Ariz., Inc., 130 Ariz. 288, 289 (1981); Walker v.
Montgomery Ward & Co., Inc., 20 Ariz. App. 255, 258 (1973).

¶9 Indisputably, Circle K, as a business owner, has an affirmative
duty to make and keep its markets reasonably safe for customers, who are
invitees. Tribe, 133 Ariz. at 519. But Arizona law does not require
business owners to insure their customers’ safety by keeping the business
premises absolutely safe. See Preuss, 130 Ariz. at 289. In slip-and-fall
cases—or here, a trip-and-fall—the mere occurrence of the fall is insufficient
to prove the owner’s negligence. See id. Rather, to prove that the owner
breached the standard of care imposed by the duty to invitees, the plaintiff
must show the owner either (1) created the unsafe condition; (2) had actual
knowledge or notice of it; or (3) should have discovered and remedied the
unsafe condition before the fall. See Walker, 20 Ariz. App. at 258–59 (cited
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with approval in Preuss, 130 Ariz. at 289); see also McMurtry, 231 Ariz. at 252
¶¶ 22–23 (stating that a hotel owed an invitee “a duty of reasonable care to
make its premises safe for her use,” which required the hotel to safeguard
against or warn of unreasonably dangerous conditions).

B. Perez Does Not Have To Show That An Unreasonably Dangerous
Condition Actually Existed At The Market To Establish That Circle
K Owed Her A Duty Of Care.

¶10 The issue here is whether a business owner’s duty exists
absent evidence that an unreasonably dangerous condition actually existed
on the business premises. Circle K argues that a business owner has no
duty to its customers absent such a condition, and the court of appeals
majority agreed. See Perez, 257 Ariz. at 278 ¶ 27 (“In determining duty, the
superior court was permitted to examine facts sufficient to establish
whether an ‘unreasonably dangerous’ condition existed to trigger a duty by
Circle K under law.”). Perez counters that because she was a business
invitee, “Circle K automatically owed her a duty of care.”

¶11 In urging their position, both Circle K and the court of appeals
rely extensively on this Court’s decision in Dinsmoor. That case arose from
tragic events that ended in the murder-suicide of two high school students.
See Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz. at 371 ¶ 1. The school had learned of an altercation
between students Matthew and Raven; had investigated a claim by Ana,
Matthew’s then-current girlfriend, that Matthew had threatened Raven’s
safety; and had taken actions to protect Raven. See id. at 372 ¶¶ 3–8. On
the day of her death, Ana told school officials she planned to meet Matthew
after school but did not think he posed a threat to her safety. Id. at 373
¶ 10. The school took no action but told Ana it would be unwise to meet
with Matthew. Id. Ana met Matthew at a friend’s house, where he shot
and killed her and then himself. Id.

¶12 Dinsmoor, Ana’s mother, sued the school district and its
employees (collectively “the school”) for negligence. Id. ¶ 11. The issue
before us was whether the school owed a duty of care to Ana. Id. at 372
¶ 1. We acknowledged that “the school-student relationship creates a
duty to protect students from unreasonable risks of harm arising within the
confines of the relationship.” Id. at 376 ¶ 24. But we clarified that “[a]
duty based on special relationships . . . applies only to ‘risks that arise
within the scope of the relationship,’” and “the scope of such relationships
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Opinion of the Court

is [generally] ‘bounded by geography and time.’” Id. at 374 ¶ 17 (first
quoting Boisson v. Ariz. Bd. of Regents, 236 Ariz. 619, 623 ¶ 10 (App. 2015);
then quoting Restatement (Third) of Torts: Liability for Physical and
Emotional Harm § 40 cmt. f. (Am. L. Inst. 2012)). Because nothing alerted
the school that Matthew posed a threat to Ana before she left the school’s
custody and control, “a known and tangible risk of harm did not arise
within the scope of the school-student relationship,” and we therefore
decided that the school “did not owe a duty to protect Ana from Matthew.”
Id. at 377 ¶ 28.

¶13 Notably, in deciding whether we could reach our decision as
a matter of law, we addressed our prior opinion in Gipson v. Casey, 214 Ariz.
141, 145 ¶ 21 (2007), which stated that the existence of duty “is a legal matter
to be determined before the case-specific facts are considered.” See
Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz. at 376 ¶ 26. We concluded that considering whether
the risk to Ana arose while she was in the custody and control of the school
in deciding duty was consistent with Gipson. See id. at 376–77 ¶ 27. After
noting that Gipson did not concern special relationships, we explained:

Logically, a court cannot determine whether a duty arises
from such relationships unless it considers whether an
unreasonable risk of harm arose while, for example, persons
were patronizing an inn, riding a bus, or, here, attending
school. See Restatement § 40(b) (2012) (listing special
relationships). Identifying the risk within the scope of the
special relationship does not touch on concepts of breach or
causation, so there is no danger of conflating duty with those
elements. See Gipson, 214 Ariz. at 145 ¶ 21; see also Dabush v.
Seacret Direct LLC, 250 Ariz. 264, 272 ¶¶ 33–35 (2021) (rejecting
argument that court could not consider case-specific facts to
determine as a matter of law that a defendant had not
assumed a duty to plaintiff).

Id.; see also Avitia v. Crisis Preparation & Recovery Inc., 256 Ariz. 198, 211 ¶ 63
(2023) (Timmer, V.C.J., concurring in part, dissenting in part, and
concurring in the result) (“As we concluded in Dinsmoor . . . a court does
not act contrary to Gipson by examining the case-specific facts to decide
whether ‘an unreasonable risk of harm’ arose from a special relationship to
trigger a duty.”).

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¶14 Circle K and the court of appeals majority extrapolate from
Dinsmoor that in the premises liability context, the existence of duty
depends on whether an alleged unreasonably dangerous condition was, in
fact, unreasonably dangerous. See Perez, 257 Ariz. at 274–75 ¶¶ 12–13; see
also Ager v. A Better Today Recovery Servs. LLC, No. 1 CA-CV 21-0081, 2021
WL 4757567, at *2 ¶¶ 8–11 (Ariz. App. Oct. 12, 2021) (mem. decision)
(interpreting Dinsmoor in a similar manner). We disagree and now clarify
Dinsmoor.

¶15 The purpose in examining case-specific facts in the duty
inquiry involving a special relationship is determining when and where the
alleged risk of harm arose—within or outside the scope of the special
relationship—not whether the alleged risk actually constituted an
unreasonably dangerous condition. See Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz. at 376 ¶ 26.
Thus, in Dinsmoor, the “known and tangible risk of harm” was that
Matthew would physically harm Ana. See id. But because nothing
suggested that this risk arose while Ana was in the school’s custody or
control, and therefore within the school-student relationship, the school
had no duty to Ana to protect her from Matthew once she left the school’s
custody and control. See id. at 377 ¶ 28. Similarly, in cases involving
other special relationships like a common carrier with its passengers; an
innkeeper with its guests; or a business with its invitees, courts may
examine case-specific facts to determine whether the alleged risk of harm
arose within the scope of those relationships. See id.; see also Restatement
§ 40(a)–(b) (providing that “[a]n actor in a special relationship” like those
listed above “owes the other a duty of reasonable care with regard to risks
that arise within the scope of the relationship”). In these examples, a court
would ask whether the alleged risk of harm arose while the plaintiff was on
the bus; in the inn; or shopping in the store. If so, the risks arose within
the scope of the relationship, and a duty exists. See Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz.
at 376 ¶ 24; Restatement § 40 cmt. f.

¶16 Adopting a contrary view would conflate the duty and breach
inquiries and therefore conflict with myriad prior cases. This Court’s
opinion in Markowitz v. Ariz. Parks Bd., 146 Ariz. 352 (1985), illustrates the
conflict. There, David, a teenager, was paralyzed after diving off a cliff
into a shallow lake while on a camping trip in a state-leased recreation area.
Id. at 354. In the subsequently filed negligence action, the superior court
granted summary judgment for the state on the issue of duty, and the court
of appeals affirmed. Id. at 353–54. The latter court reasoned that the state
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did not owe David a duty because “‘the natural environment did not
present an unreasonable risk of harm,’ and because the danger was open
and obvious.” Id. at 354 (quoting Markowitz v. Ariz. Parks Bd., 146 Ariz.
260, 264 (App. 1984)).

¶17 This Court reversed, concluding that the state owed a duty of
care to David. Id. at 359. We reasoned that the state, as possessor of the
recreation area, owed an affirmative duty to David, its invitee, “to use
reasonable care to make the premises safe for use.” Id. at 355. This
standard of care included an obligation to discover and warn of hazards
that the state should have reasonably foreseen as dangerous to invitees.
Id. Importantly, we found a duty solely because at the time of the accident
David was an invitee on land the state possessed. Id. In doing so, we
disagreed that whether the cliff area presented an unreasonable risk of
harm or whether the danger of diving into a lake of unknown depth was
open and obvious affected the existence of duty. Id. at 355–56. Rather,
we emphasized that these factual issues are properly considered in
determining whether the state breached the standard of conduct imposed
by the duty. Id.

¶18 Several other cases echo Markowitz on these points. See, e.g.,
Gipson, 214 Ariz. at 145 ¶ 21 (stating that courts should not “defin[e] duties
of care in terms of the parties’ actions in particular cases” because “a
fact-specific discussion of duty conflates the issue with the concepts of
breach and causation”); Coburn v. City of Tucson, 143 Ariz. 50, 52 (1984)
(defining standard of care as “[w]hat the defendant must do or must not
do . . . to satisfy the duty” (quoting W. Prosser & W. Keeton, The Law of Torts
§ 53 at 356 (5th ed. 1984))); Beach v. City of Phoenix, 136 Ariz. 601, 603 (1983)
(stating that “the nature [or obvious character] of the obstruction . . . is not
important to determine whether the City owed a duty to the pedestrian, but
rather to determine whether the City breached the duty of reasonable
care”); Tribe, 133 Ariz. at 519 (providing that whether a condition was
dangerous or open and obvious “are issues to be decided by a jury . . . as
triers of fact”); Shaw v. Petersen, 169 Ariz. 559, 561 (App. 1991) (“Whether a
reasonable person would believe a pool was an open and obvious
hazard . . . is a question that relates to the breach of duty, not its
existence.”); McLeod ex rel. Smith v. Newcomer, 163 Ariz. 6, 9–10 (App. 1989)
(providing that whether a condition was unreasonably dangerous or open
and obvious are questions of fact and considering them when determining
breach).
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Opinion of the Court

¶19 The contrary view of Dinsmoor urged by Circle K and the
court of appeals majority conflicts with Markowitz and like cases by
resolving in the duty determination whether Circle K’s end-cap display
presented an unreasonably dangerous condition. But Dinsmoor did not
alter the duty analysis in the Markowitz line of cases. Rather, Dinsmoor
complemented the Markowitz analysis by focusing on whether, when a
harm occurs outside the traditional time-and-space bounds of a special
relationship, the risk of harm nonetheless arose within the special
relationship to trigger a duty. In Dinsmoor, the school did not have a duty
to Ana because the risk of harm from Matthew did not arise within the
school-student relationship. See 251 Ariz. at 377 ¶ 28. Similarly, in
Markowitz, had David been injured in a car accident on the way to or from
the state recreation area, the state would not have owed a duty to him. The
tangible risk of injury from a traffic accident away from the recreation area
and outside the state’s control would have existed outside the land
possessor-invitee relationship. See id. But because the risk of harm
presented by the cliff area existed while David was visiting the recreation
area, which the state possessed, the state owed him a duty of care. See id.;
Markowitz, 146 Ariz. at 355.

¶20 To summarize, as in Dinsmoor, sometimes certain antecedent
facts must be considered in determining whether a duty exists—for
instance, whether a statute applies to a circumstance to give rise to a duty;
whether a person is an invitee, licensee or trespasser; or whether the alleged
risk of harm occurred within the scope of a special relationship. See, e.g.,
Westerman v. Ernst, No. 2 CA-CV 2023-0205, 2025 WL 261789, at *4 ¶ 17
(Ariz. App. Jan. 22, 2025) (concluding that a genuine issue of material fact
concerning the plaintiff’s status as an invitee or trespasser precluded
summary judgment on the issue of duty). However, factual issues of
breach and causation are not part of this inquiry. Rather, they generally
are questions for the jury once a duty is established.

¶21 Circle K and the court of appeals majority’s analysis conflicts
with Markowitz by resolving within the duty determination whether Circle
K’s end-cap display presented an unreasonably dangerous condition or
was open and obvious. Instead, consistent with Markowitz and Dinsmoor,
the proper inquiry in the duty analysis is whether a special relationship
existed between the plaintiff and defendant and, if so, whether the risk of
harm alleged to have injured the plaintiff arose within that relationship.
Here, that means asking whether Perez was a business invitee at the time
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she tripped over the end-cap display (the risk of harm). She indisputably
was. Thus, as a matter of law, Circle K owed a duty of care to Perez.
Whether the end-cap display was unreasonably dangerous should be
considered when addressing whether Circle K breached the standard of
conduct. See Markowitz, 146 Ariz at 355–56. Then, considerations like the
open and obvious nature of the display can be considered. See Beach, 136
Ariz. at 603; Tribe, 133 Ariz. at 519.

¶22 The court of appeals majority expressed concern that owners
would never be entitled to summary judgment in premises liability cases if
they owe a duty to invitees whenever the latter are injured on the premises
by an alleged unreasonably dangerous condition. See Perez, 257 Ariz.
at 275 ¶ 15. This concern is overstated. Although breach and causation
are usually factual issues for the jury, they can be resolved as a matter of
law when the record supports that result. See McFarland v. Kahn, 123 Ariz.
62, 63 (1979) (affirming directed verdict for a landlord in a premises liability
case on the issue of breach); Cummings v. Prater, 95 Ariz. 20, 27 (1963)
(affirming summary judgment for a landlord in a premises liability case on
the issue of breach); see also Gipson, 214 Ariz. at 143 ¶ 9 n.1 (stating that
summary judgment may sometimes be appropriate on issues of breach and
causation); Grafitti-Valenzuela ex rel. Grafitti v. City of Phoenix, 216 Ariz. 454,
460 ¶ 18, 461–62 ¶ 28 (App. 2007) (affirming summary judgment for city
because it did not breach its duty to keep a bus stop safe for users and the
lack of shelter and lighting at the bus stop did not cause a child’s
abduction); Coburn, 143 Ariz. at 53 (finding as a matter of law that a city did
not breach its duty to a child bicyclist to keep streets reasonably safe for
travel); Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints v. Superior Court, 148 Ariz.
261, 263 (App. 1985) (same). Indeed, the specially concurring judge in the
court of appeals would have affirmed the summary judgment because he
concluded that “Perez failed to show a genuine issue of material fact that
Circle K breached its duty of care to her when she shopped at the store.”
See Perez, 257 Ariz. at 278–79 ¶ 33 (Howe, J., specially concurring).

¶23 Finally, although a breach of duty issue can sometimes be
resolved as a matter of law, we decline to decide now whether summary
judgment was appropriate for Circle K on that basis. Circle K moved for
summary judgment solely on the issue of duty. Therefore, we conclude
that any other issues regarding premises liability should be fully briefed
and decided in the trial court before appellate review.

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CONCLUSION

¶24 For the foregoing reasons, we vacate the court of appeals’
opinion except ¶¶ 30–31, which address an evidentiary issue not before us.
We reverse the superior court’s entry of summary judgment for Circle K
and remand the case to that court for further proceedings.

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