First National Bank v. McDonough

FRANKLIN, C. J. J. N. McDonough died testate at Globe, Arizona. His will was admitted to probate and the widow, Mary McDonough, was appointed executrix of his estate. From plaintiff’s complaint it appears that the value of the estate of McDonough, deceased, as inventoried and appraised in the probate proceedings, was $417.50 and consisted of community property. It is alleged that said Mc-Donough in his lifetime, together with E. F. Pfister and George E. Shute, jointly and severally executed their promissory note in favor of the First National Bank of Globe for the sum of $500. In the course of administration a claim founded upon the indebtedness evidenced by this note was presented to the executrix and rejected. The present action was commenced against Mary McDonough and Mary McDonough, as executrix of the estate of J. N. McDonough, deceased, E. P. Pfister, and George E. Shnte. The object of the suit was to establish the indebtedness as evidenced by the note and recover judgment for the amount alleged to be due the plaintiff from the makers thereof. The plaintiff also asked relief *225 in equity against an alleged fraudulent conveyance of certain property made by the deceased, in his lifetime, to his wife, Mary McDonough, to defeat his creditors, and which, if not set aside, would render the action of the plaintiff fruitless. Among other defenses interposed and by way of demurrer the executrix asserted the statute of limitations, in that it appeared upon the face of the complaint that the cause of action was barred by the provisions of paragraph 887 of the Civil Code of 1913, because plaintiff did not bring its action within three months after its claim was rejected by the executrix; also that the complaint does not state a cause of action for equitable relief to set aside an alleged fraudulent conveyance because plaintiff’s demand on the indebtedness has not been established at law by judgment or otherwise; and, further, on the ground that a cause of action upon the legal demand is improperly joined with a cause of action to set aside a fraudulent conveyance. The court sustained the demurrer, with leave to amend the complaint, but, plaintiff declining to amend, the court gave judgment, dismissing the action as to Mary McDonough, both individually and as the personal representative of J. N. McDonough, deceased, with costs. Upon the trial and on the proofs adduced judgment was given the plaintiff against defendants E'. F. Pfister and George E. Shute. From the judgment in favor of Mary Mc-Donough individually this appeal is prosecuted. There is no appeal from the judgment in favor of the personal representative of J. N. McDonough, deceased. However interesting it may be, it is entirely unnecessary to follow learned counsel in the discussion as to what conditions must be present before a creditor can be heard in equity to challenge a conveyance for fraud. Our laws confer jurisdiction upon the superior court to hear and determine all causes of action, whether legal or equitable or both. It is provided that: The complaint shall set forth clearly the names of the parties, a concise statement of the cause of action, without any distinction between suits at law and in equity, and shall also state the nature of the relief which he demands. Paragraph 425, Civil Code 1913. That: The judgment of the court shall conform to the pleadings, the nature of the case proved, and the verdict, if any, and shall be so framed as to give the party all the relief *226 to which he may he entitled either in law or equity. Paragraph 548, Civil Code 1913. In those jurisdictions where law and equity are separately administered there is much confusion in the cases as to the true meaning and application of the rules in equity that a party who seeks relief as a creditor against a fraudulent conveyance of his debtor’s property must show that he has exhausted his remedy at law or that he has no adequate remedy at law. While under the former system the two courts acted one in aid of the other, they proceeded upon different principles and were governed by distinct rules. Not a little jealousy crept in to disturb that harmony so essential to the determination of all judicial controversies, and so necessary in the administration of the law. It was but a feeling common to all who have power to see that there should be no assumption of a jurisdiction or the exercise of a power on the part .of one which properly belonged to the other, and herein we may discover in part the cause of the confusion in the cases. This controversy, never completely settled, must necessarily continue between the law and equity courts until their separate jurisdictions are so blended that the full measure of relief to which a party may be entitled shall be afforded him in one action and by the same court. The rules once being formulated by a precedent, any substantial modification of the principle has met resistance in the conservatism of the-courts on account of their unwillingness to allow any change in the doctrines once established by their prior decisions. The frequent occurrence of cases in which a rigid adherence to the precedents produced manifest injustice has happily been reformed by the statutory provisions blending law and equity, so that a party may have his full measure of relief in one action and by the same court and judge amply equipped to administer the justice of the case upon equitable as well as-upon legal principles. Whatever embarrassment that might attend the discovery and application of the true principles governing equitable assistance to creditors when a party under the old system was seeking relief as a creditor against a fraudulent conveyance of his debtor’s property, and, being compelled to resort to two separate courts for full relief, was confronted with these rules of equity, is now largely dissipated by the simple provisions of the statute, the meaning •and intent of which are that plaintiff may have a complete *227 remedy in one action and ask the court, in the exercise of its law power, to establish his legal demand and give judgment for the amount found due him, and in the same action ask its equitable interposition to relieve him from the fraud which would render his action fruitless. Uniting in the one action both his legal and equitable causes of action that are capable of the same character of relief, the court is given ample power by the statute to conform its judgment to the pleadings, the nature of the case proved, and the verdict, if any, and so frame its judgment “as to give the party all the relief to which he may be entitled either in law or equity.” The reasons usually given in support of the old rule where law and equity are separately administered are that equity should not interfere to aid a legal right before the legal remedy is tried; that a simple contract creditor may never obtain a judgment, and if he does not, he cannot be injured by any disposition of the property; and that the judgment may not be obtained in equity upon the legal demand because the parties are entitled to a jury trial. It is perceived that the system of judicature established by our Code may not operate to support the reasons upon which these rules governing the former system were based, and, the reasons for the rules failing, the rules must fall. In the action all controverted questions of fact may be submitted for the determination of a jury, and it would be manifestly absurd to hold that a party must go into the superior court and establish his legal demand and then institute another action in the same court, asking equitable relief that the recovery of his judgment may not prove fruitless, when under the statute the judgment for the recovery of the money could be rendered in the very action and before the same court in which the equitable relief is asked. . We are not without light upon this matter from those jurisdictions where the system is one of blended law and equity. “A creditor’s bill,” said the court in the case of Vail v. Hammond, 60 Conn. 374 , 25 Am. St. Rep. 330 , 22 Atl. 954 , “strictly exists only in those jurisdictions where law and equity are administered by separate tribunals. A creditor first obtains a judgment in a court of law, and then seeks the aid of a court of equity to apply in payment of the judgment some property which could not be attached or taken on execution in the action at law. But in this state where the same court administers both law and equity, and where legal and *228 equitable remedies can be granted in tbe same action, a creditor can in the same complaint have judgment for his debt and also the necessary equitable aid to obtain payment out of any property of the debtor which the law court could not reach. ’ ’ ■ In North Carolina, where it was urged that a court of equity would not aid a creditor in attacking a fraudulent conveyance until he had exhausted his legal remedies, it was said: “It is obvious, that as this rule grew out of the relations of the two courts under the former system, one acting in aid of the other, and was essential to the harmony of their action in the exercise of their separate functions in the administration of the law, so it must of necessity cease to have any force, when the powers of both and the functions of each are committed to a single tribunal, substituted in place of both. Why should a plaintiff be compelled to sue for and recover his debt, and then to bring a new action to enforce payment out of his debtor’s property in the very court that ordered the judgment? Why should not full relief be had in one action, when the same court is to be called on to afford it in the second? The policy of the new practice, and one of its best features, is to furnish a complete and final remedy for an aggrieved party in a single court, and without needless delay and ex-pensé.” Bank v. Harris, 84 N. C. 206 . In the case of Miller v. Hughes, 33 S. C. 530, 12 S. E. 419 , it is said: “It is further urged that the claim of the plaintiff’s, being a plain legal demand, should first be established by a judgment at law before the aid of equity can be invoked. Whatever embarrassment this might have offered under our former system of judicature, when law and equity were administered by different tribunals, cannot be felt now under our present system, especially after the Code has provided that both legal and equitable causes of actions may be united in the same complaint. We do not see, therefore, why the plaintiffs may not demand judgment for the amount alleged to be due them on the law side of the court, and in the same action ask relief on the equity side from the fraud which they allege will rend.er their action fruitless.” And in Texas the system being one of blended law and equity, we quote from the syllabus to the ease of Shirley v. Waco etc. Co. et al., 78 Tex. 131 , 10 S. W. 543 : *229 “Under the Code system, a simple contract creditor, may in the same action recover a judgment for the indebtedness, and have set aside a fraudulent conveyance by the debtor to a codefendant.” However, when the last word has been said in such a matter, the paramount circumstance will still remain that the simple contract creditor must establish his claim before relief will be given to him as against an alleged fraudulent conveyance by his debtor. He must sue for and recover his debt, and while he may do this in the very same action in which he also attacks a conveyance of his debtor for fraud, nevertheless if in that action he fails to establish his claim — fails to establish his status as a creditor — his attack upon the alleged fraudulent conveyance made to defeat his rights as a creditor must necessarily fall. Though it is not a condition precedent to the bringing of this sort of an. action, the establishment of the legal demand in the action is a condition precedent to the granting of the equitable relief asked. The plaintiff presented its claim to the executrix. The claim was rejected. It brought suit upon the claim and was defeated. It stands before this court with a status as creditor unestablished, and must remain so unless it can be accomplished in a suit against Mary McDonough individually. The widow in this case is an entire stranger to the note transaction. She had nothing to do with the making of the note, or with the alleged indebtedness which the note evidenced, or any liability in connection with it. True she is the alleged fraudulent grantee, and if the legal demand had been established against the estate of the deceased or his personal representative and the proofs warranted it, the property she held by virtue of the fraudulent conveyance could have been uncovered and payment of the debt enforced out of it, and it makes no difference by what principles of the law this is accomplished, whether she be denominated a constructive trustee or an executrix de son tort, or in whatever capacity she may hold the property, the property can only be taken in satisfaction of the debtor’s obligation when that obligation is legally established. Not because it is the property of the fraudulent grantee, but because it is the debtor’s property which was fraudulently conveyed to defeat creditors. The conveyance is good as between the parties to it. It is binding upon the heirs and devisees, and it is no part of the estate of deceased under the *230 statutes of descent and distribution. In this aspect it is not part of the estate of J. N. McDonough, deceased. But if the property was conveyed by McDonough fraudulently to defeat his creditors, it is clear that as to a successful attacking creditor it is property of his estate subject to the payment of the established claim. Whether or not under the circumstances of this case it was necessary for the plaintiff to present its claim to the executrix and if rejected institute suit thereon within the time prescribed by paragraph 887 of the Civil Code of 1913, it is unnecessary to determine on the record in this case, and we express no opinion concerning it. The paramount fact remains that the lower court so adjudged in favor of the executrix, and when this was done judgment necessarily went in favor of Mary McDonough individually as the alleged fraudulent grantee. The trial court had jurisdiction of the parties and the subject matter of the action, and whether its judgment is right or wrong it is the law of the ease until set aside, and this we have seen may not be done on appeal from the judgment in favor of Mary McDonough, individually. Judgment affirmed. ROSS, J., concurs.