State v. Black

NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.
UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL
AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION ONE

STATE OF ARIZONA, Appellee,

v.

CHRISTOPHER JAY BLACK, Appellant.

No. 1 CA-CR 17-0201
FILED 3-22-2018

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County
No. CR2015-145351-001
The Honorable David V. Seyer, Judge Pro Tempore

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix
By Joseph T. Maziarz
Counsel for Appellee

Maricopa County Public Defender’s Office, Phoenix
By Jeffrey L. Force
Counsel for Appellant

STATE v. BLACK
Decision of the Court

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Presiding Judge Kenton D. Jones delivered the decision of the Court, in
which Judge Jon W. Thompson and Judge Jennifer M. Perkins joined.

J O N E S, Judge:

¶1 Christopher Black appeals his conviction and sentence for
aggravated driving under the influence (DUI). After searching the entire
record, Black’s defense counsel identified no arguable question of law that
is not frivolous. Therefore, in accordance with Anders v. California, 386 U.S.
738 (1967), and State v. Leon, 104 Ariz. 297 (1969), defense counsel asked this
Court to search the record for fundamental error. Black was granted an
opportunity to file a supplemental brief in propria persona and did so.1 After
reviewing the entire record, we reject the arguments raised in Black’s
supplemental brief and find no error. Accordingly, Black’s conviction and
sentence are affirmed.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

¶2 Around 11:13 p.m. on September 25, 2017, a sergeant with the
Phoenix Police Department observed a pickup truck with a shredded tire
travelling sixty-five miles per hour on the interstate.2 After the sergeant
began pursuing the pickup, it slowed down, though it continued to “mov[e]
along at a good clip” and weaved back and forth between lanes.

¶3 The sergeant initiated a traffic stop and observed the driver,
later identified as Black, swaying as he stepped out of his car. The sergeant
also noticed Black’s speech was slurred and he emanated a light odor of
alcohol. A second officer then conducted a DUI investigation and observed

1 On December 29, 2017, Black filed a motion to supplement the record
with four documents. These documents are already part of the record and
were considered in the course of our Anders review. Accordingly, we deny
Black’s motion as moot.

2 “We view the facts in the light most favorable to sustaining the
conviction[] with all reasonable inferences resolved against the defendant.”
State v. Harm, 236 Ariz. 402, 404 n.2, ¶ 2 (App. 2015) (quoting State v.
Valencia, 186 Ariz. 493, 495 (App. 1996)).

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STATE v. BLACK
Decision of the Court

Black had bloodshot, watery eyes; slurred his speech; and emitted a strong
odor of alcohol. The officer conducted field sobriety tests, which indicated
Black was impaired. The officer arrested Black and transported him to the
police station where an intoxilyzer test indicated Black had a blood alcohol
concentration of 0.156 and 0.170 at 1:00 a.m. and 1:06 a.m., respectively. In
an interview with the police, Black admitted he knew his license was
suspended and revoked.

¶4 Black was indicted on two counts of felony DUI and one count
of resisting arrest. Before trial, Black moved to suppress the traffic stop,
arguing it was invalid under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), because the
sergeant did not observe a violation of traffic laws. The State argued the
sergeant’s actions were permissible pursuant to Arizona Revised Statutes
(A.R.S.) § 28-982(A)3 (permitting an officer to stop a vehicle “any time there
is reasonable cause to believe that [the] vehicle is unsafe . . . or that [the]
vehicle’s equipment is not in proper adjustment or repair”), and the
community caretaker doctrine, see State v. Organ, 225 Ariz. 43, 47-48, ¶ 19
(App. 2010) (concluding a welfare check of a vehicle parked on the shoulder
with its emergency flashers activated that led to the discovery of illegal
drugs “was an appropriate exercise of [the officer’s] community caretaking
function and . . . did not violate the Fourth Amendment”). The trial court
denied the motion to suppress, noting “[t]here was a clear danger on the
road to the vehicle driving at highway speeds with no rubber on the tire
driving on the rim” such that both A.R.S. § 28-982(A) and the community
caretaker doctrine justified the stop.

¶5 A four-day jury trial began in January 2017. Following an
unsuccessful motion for judgment of acquittal, the jury convicted Black of
one count of aggravated DUI and acquitted him of the other two counts.

¶6 The State alleged three historical prior felony convictions for
purposes of sentence enhancement. At a trial on the prior convictions, the
State introduced certified copies of three felony convictions; a “pen pack”
from the Department of Corrections, which included Black’s photograph;
and Black’s Motor Vehicle Department (MVD) record, which also included
his photograph. Although Black did not object to the admission of this
evidence, he argued it was insufficient to prove he was convicted of those
crimes because the State did not present an expert witness to compare his
fingerprints with those on the certified copies.

3 Absent material changes from the relevant date we cite a statute’s
current version.

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STATE v. BLACK
Decision of the Court

¶7 The trial court compared Black’s appearance in the courtroom
to the photos in the pen pack and MVD record and asked Black to state his
name and date of birth. The court also compared the case numbers listed
in the certified copies with the case numbers listed in the pen pack, which
were identical. The court then found the State had proved the three prior
felony convictions beyond a reasonable doubt and sentenced Black as a
non-dangerous, repetitive offender to a presumptive term of ten years’
imprisonment. The court also credited Black with seventy-six days of
presentence incarceration. Black timely appealed, and we have jurisdiction
pursuant to A.R.S. §§ 12-120.21(A)(1), 13-4031, and -4033(A)(1).

DISCUSSION

¶8 Within his supplemental brief, Black argues the trial court
abused its discretion by: (1) denying his motion to suppress the traffic stop,
and (2) finding the State proved his prior convictions without identifying
him through his fingerprint. We disagree.

I. Motion to Suppress

¶9 The U.S. and Arizona Constitutions prohibit unreasonable
searches and seizures. See U.S. Const. amend. IV; Ariz. Const. art. 2, § 8.
Warrantless searches “are per se unreasonable under the Fourth
Amendment — subject only to a few specifically established and well-
delineated exceptions.” State v. Dean, 206 Ariz. 158, 161, ¶ 8 (2003) (quoting
Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 357 (1967)). However, evidence
discovered during a warrantless search may be admitted when a police
officer engages in a community caretaking function intended to promote
public safety. See Organ, 225 Ariz. at 46-47, ¶ 14 (citing In re Tiffany O., 217
Ariz. 370, 376, ¶ 21 (App. 2007)). “These caretaking activities do not violate
the Fourth Amendment if they are warranted ‘either in terms of state law
or sound police procedure.’” State v. Mendoza-Ruiz, 225 Ariz. 473, 475, ¶ 9
(App. 2010) (quoting United States v. Rodriguez-Morales, 929 F.2d 780, 785
(1st Cir. 1991)).

¶10 On appeal, Black again argues the stop was an unlawful Terry
stop because the officer did not have a reasonable suspicion that he was
committing a crime. However, as the trial court noted, A.R.S. § 28-982
authorizes an officer to stop a vehicle “any time there is reasonable cause to
believe that a vehicle is unsafe” to inspect the vehicle and issue a written
notice to the driver if appropriate, a function “‘totally divorced from’
criminal investigations.” State v. Becerra, 231 Ariz. 200, 203, ¶ 8 (App. 2013)
(quoting Cady v. Dombrowski, 413 U.S. 433, 441 (1973)).

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STATE v. BLACK
Decision of the Court

¶11 The record contains evidence upon which the trial court could
find the sergeant reasonably believed Black’s vehicle was unsafe while
traveling at high speeds with a flat tire. Such an exercise of authority under
this statute is a proper exercise of the State’s police power because,
“[w]ithout a doubt, the state has a valid interest in the safety of its highways
for travelers.” State v. Harrison, 111 Ariz. 508, 509 (1975) (citing State ex rel.
Berger v. Cantor, 13 Ariz. App. 555 (1970)). Because the stop was authorized
by A.R.S. § 28-982(A), it was not unreasonable, and the trial court did not
err when it denied Black’s motion to suppress.

II. Sufficiency of Evidence of Prior Convictions

¶12 “A trial court’s determination that a prior conviction
constitutes an historical prior felony conviction for purposes of sentence
enhancement involves a mixed question of law and fact.” State v. Rasul, 216
Ariz. 491, 496, ¶ 20 (App. 2007) (quoting State v. Derello, 199 Ariz. 435, 437,
¶ 8 (App. 2001)). Accordingly, we review the determination de novo. Id.
(citing Derello, 199 Ariz. at 437, ¶ 8). “The proper procedure to establish the
prior conviction is for the state to offer in evidence a certified copy of the
conviction . . . and establish the defendant as the person to whom the
document refers.” State v. Lee, 114 Ariz. 101, 105 (1976) (citing State v.
McGuire, 113 Ariz. 372, 374-75 (1976), and State v. Biscoe, 112 Ariz. 98, 99
(1975)); see also State v. Hauss, 140 Ariz. 230, 231 (1984) (identifying limited
exceptions to the standard procedure outlined in Lee).

¶13 Black argues the State did not prove the certified copies of the
convictions referred to him because the State did not use a fingerprint
expert. However, the State admitted into evidence a certified pen pack
containing Black’s full name, date of birth, photograph, and a list of his
prior convictions. The State also introduced certified copies for three prior
convictions containing Black’s full name, date of birth, and case numbers
that matched the pen pack. The trial court judge then compared Black to
the photograph in the pen pack. Under these circumstances, the
documentary evidence was sufficient to connect Black to the convictions
and no further supporting testimonial evidence was necessary. See, e.g.,
State v. Solis, 236 Ariz. 242, 248, ¶¶ 21-22 (App. 2014) (finding documentary
evidence was sufficient to prove a prior historical felony because it
contained a photograph that the trial court found depicted the defendant).
Accordingly, we find the evidence sufficient to conclude Black had three
prior felony convictions for sentence enhancement purposes.

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STATE v. BLACK
Decision of the Court

III. Fundamental Error Review

¶14 Further review of the record reveals no fundamental error.
See Leon, 104 Ariz. at 300 (“An exhaustive search of the record has failed to
produce any prejudicial error.”). As relevant here, a person is guilty of
committing aggravated DUI if “the person has an alcohol concentration of
0.08 or more within two hours of driving or being in actual physical control
of the vehicle and the alcohol concentration results from alcohol consumed
either before or while driving or being in actual physical control of the
vehicle,” A.R.S. § 28-1381(A)(2), “while the person’s driver license or
privilege to drive is suspended, canceled, revoked or refused,” A.R.S. § 28-
1383(A)(1). The record contains sufficient evidence upon which the jury
could determine beyond a reasonable doubt that Black was guilty of
aggravated DUI.

¶15 All the proceedings were conducted in compliance with the
Arizona Rules of Criminal Procedure. So far as the record reveals, Black
was represented by counsel at all stages of the proceedings and was present
at all critical stages including the entire trial and the verdict. See State v.
Conner, 163 Ariz. 97, 104 (1990) (right to counsel at critical stages) (citations
omitted); State v. Bohn, 116 Ariz. 500, 503 (1977) (right to be present at critical
stages). The jury was properly comprised of eight jurors, and the record
shows no evidence of jury misconduct. See A.R.S. § 21-102(B); Ariz. R. Crim.
P. 18.1(a). The trial court properly instructed the jury on the elements of the
charged offense, the State’s burden of proof, and Black’s presumption of
innocence. At sentencing, Black was given an opportunity to speak, and
the court stated on the record the evidence and materials it considered and
the factors it found in imposing the sentence. See Ariz. R. Crim. P. 26.9,
26.10. Additionally, the sentence imposed was within the statutory limits.
See A.R.S. § 13-703(C), (J).

CONCLUSION

¶16 Black’s conviction and sentence are affirmed.

¶17 Defense counsel’s obligations pertaining to Black’s
representation in this appeal have ended. Defense counsel need do no more
than inform Black of the outcome of this appeal and his future options,
unless, upon review, counsel finds an issue appropriate for submission to
our supreme court by petition for review. State v. Shattuck, 140 Ariz. 582,
584-85 (1984).

¶18 Black has thirty days from the date of this decision to proceed,
if he wishes, with an in propria persona petition for review. See Ariz. R. Crim.

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STATE v. BLACK
Decision of the Court

P. 31.21. Upon the Court’s own motion, we also grant Black thirty days
from the date of this decision to file an in propria persona motion for
reconsideration.

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