In Re the Estate of Jamie Leandra Bixby

IN THE
ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS
DIVISION TWO

IN RE THE ESTATE OF
JAMIE LEANDRA BIXBY, DECEASED

LINDA MARIE BIXBY, KELLI BIXBY BAYS, DEBRA L. ALRED, MONICA L.
WILLIAMS, AND STEPHANIE LYNAM,
Petitioners/Appellees,

v.

DARCEY ELIZABETH LEVENDIS,
Respondent/Appellant.

No. 2 CA-CV 2024-0366
Filed July 11, 2025

Appeal from the Superior Court in Gila County
No. S0400PB202300105
The Honorable Timothy M. Wright, Judge

AFFIRMED

COUNSEL

Jaburg & Wilk P.C., Phoenix
By Kathi M. Sandweiss and Lauren L. Garner
Counsel for Petitioners/Appellees

Harper Law Offices PC, Payson
By Michael J. Harper
Counsel for Respondent/Appellant
 IN RE ESTATE OF BIXBY
Opinion of the Court

OPINION

Presiding Judge O’Neil authored the opinion of the Court, in which
Judge Brearcliffe and Judge Gard concurred.

O’ N E I L, Presiding Judge:

¶1 Before Jamie Bixby died, she left behind two sticky notes that
Beth Levendis asserts expressed an intent to leave Bixby’s entire estate to
her. Levendis appeals from the superior court’s decision on summary
judgment determining that the sticky notes lacked a signature and therefore
were not a valid will. She claims the letters “XO,” appearing at the end of
the second note, satisfied the signature requirement for a valid will. We
affirm because no reasonable person could find that Bixby intended the
“XO” symbol as a signature to authenticate the notes.

Background

¶2 The relevant facts are undisputed. Sheriff’s deputies found
Bixby dead at her home in June 2023. During their investigation, deputies
found two sticky notes on a coffee table. Each note contained a handwritten
message. The first note read as follows:

I’m sorry, I just don’t have the tools for this.
Beth gets everything.

The second note stated:

Also, sorry universe, thank you for the
experience . . . . maybe XO

¶3 After learning of her death, Bixby’s five sisters applied for
informal probate of her estate, alleging that they were “unaware of any
unrevoked testamentary instrument” and that there were no other
surviving heirs. Levendis, a friend of Bixby, objected and petitioned for
formal probate. She asserted Bixby had “left a holographic will naming
[Levendis] as the sole beneficiary,” in the form of the two sticky notes found
on the coffee table. The sisters later moved for summary judgment, seeking
a determination that the notes were not a valid will and that Bixby had
therefore died intestate. The superior court granted the sisters’ motion,
determining that the notes, even if read together as a single combined

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Opinion of the Court

instrument, were not a valid will because they lacked a signature. The court
thus determined that Bixby had died intestate, leaving her sisters as the
heirs of her estate. We have jurisdiction over Levendis’s appeal from the
court’s final judgment. See A.R.S. §§ 12-120.21(A)(1), 12-2101(A)(9).

Discussion

¶4 Levendis argues the superior court erred in determining that
the “XO” written at the end of the second note was not a signature.
Summary judgment is appropriate when “there is no genuine dispute as to
any material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter
of law.” Ariz. R. Civ. P. 56(a). We review a decision on summary judgment
de novo, viewing the facts and all reasonable inferences in the light most
favorable to the nonmoving party. See Takieh v. O’Meara, 252 Ariz. 51, ¶ 11
(App. 2021). A party opposing summary judgment cannot, however, rely
on unproven assertions of fact, Badia v. City of Casa Grande, 195 Ariz. 349,
¶ 29 (App. 1999), and “speculation is insufficient . . . to defeat summary
judgment,” McCleary v. Tripodi, 243 Ariz. 197, ¶ 21 (App. 2017). We will
affirm a grant of summary judgment if the nonmoving party’s evidence
“has so little probative value that no reasonable person could find for its
proponent.” State Comp. Fund v. Yellow Cab Co. of Phx., 197 Ariz. 120, ¶ 5
(App. 1999).

¶5 A writing may serve as a valid will only if executed with
testamentary intent. In re Estate of Muder, 159 Ariz. 173, 175 (1988).
“Testamentary intent requires that the writing, together with whatever
extrinsic evidence may be admissible, establish that the testator intended
such writing to dispose of his property upon his death.” Id. Testamentary
intent alone, however, is not enough make a valid will. “[T]he right to make
a testamentary disposition of property [i]s of statutory creation only, and
[i]s available only on strict compliance with the requirements of the
statute.” In re Wilkins’ Estate, 54 Ariz. 218, 222 (1939); see also In re Tyrrell’s
Estate, 17 Ariz. 418, 422 (1915) (“The omission of any of the requirements of
the statute will not be overlooked on the ground that it is beyond question
that the paper was executed by the decedent as his will . . . and there is no
question of his testamentary purpose . . . .”). A valid will must also,
therefore, satisfy statutory requirements. Ordinarily, this requires
compliance with A.R.S. § 14-2502: the purported will must be in writing,
signed, and witnessed by at least two people. An exception, however, exists
for a “holographic will” under A.R.S. § 14-2503. According to that statute,
“[a] will that does not comply with § 14-2502 is valid as a holographic will,

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Opinion of the Court

whether or not witnessed, if the signature and the material provisions are
in the handwriting of the testator.” § 14-2503.

¶6 In this case, Bixby’s sticky notes were not witnessed. They do
not satisfy § 14-2502. They can, however, serve as a valid will if they meet
the requirements of a holographic will under § 14-2503, meaning they must
be both handwritten and signed. See In re Mulkins’ Estate, 17 Ariz. App. 179,
181 (1972) (holographic will requirements satisfied where “testamentary
provisions” and “signature” in testator’s handwriting). If the notes fail to
meet these requirements, they cannot serve as a will, and we will not reach
the question of testamentary intent. See Tyrrell’s Estate, 17 Ariz. at 422. It is
undisputed that Bixby wrote the messages on the sticky notes by hand. The
sole question on appeal is whether, as Levendis asserts, Bixby signed the
notes using “XO” as her mark.

¶7 Although § 14-2503 does not define a “signature,” a signature
generally is a person’s name affixed to a document with the intention of
authenticating it as belonging to the signer. Sign, Black’s Law Dictionary
(6th ed. 1990) (“To affix one’s name to a writing or instrument, for the
purpose of authenticating or executing it, or to give it effect as one’s act,” or
“[t]o attach a name or cause it to be attached to a writing by any of the
known methods of impressing a name on paper”); see Haywood Sec., Inc. v.
Ehrlich, 214 Ariz. 114, ¶¶ 12-15 (2007) (“[T]he defining characteristic of the
requirement that a judgment be ‘signed’ is that the document has affixed to
it in some form the name of the judge that evidences an intention of
authentication.”); Bishop v. Norell, 88 Ariz. 148, 151 (1960) (“[T]he general rule
is that a writing . . . is ‘signed’ in accordance with the statute of frauds if it
is signed by the person to be charged by any of the known modes of
impressing a name on paper, . . . provided that same is done with the
intention of signing.”). Arizona courts have recognized that other marks
may also serve as signatures, see Wilkins’ Estate, 54 Ariz. at 223, if made with
the intent to authenticate a writing as that of the signer, see Allstate Util.
Const., LLC v. Towne Bank of Ariz., 228 Ariz. 145, ¶ 7 (App. 2011) (“A party
‘signs’ a document by marking the document with the intention to
authenticate it.”); State v. McIntosh, 213 Ariz. 579, ¶ 10 (App. 2006) (jury
verdict is “signed” for purpose of Rule 23.1(a), Ariz. R. Crim. P., “[a]s long
as the mark used evidences authentication of the verdict by the jury
foreperson”); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 134 (1981) (“The
signature to a memorandum may be any symbol made or adopted with an
intention, actual or apparent, to authenticate the writing as that of the
signer.”).

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Opinion of the Court

¶8 Our general definition statute in A.R.S. § 1-215 limits the use
of a mark as a signature. It states that a signature “includes a mark, if a
person cannot write, with the person’s name written near it and witnessed
by a person who writes the person’s own name as witness.” § 1-215(37).
Bixby’s “XO,” even if she had intended it as a signature, does not qualify
under that standard. It is undisputed that Bixby could write, her name
appears nowhere on either sticky note, and the notes were not witnessed.
But in Wilkins’ Estate, our supreme court determined that the language of
§ 1-215, as it appeared in an older statute, did not apply to wills, concluding
that “the general statute describing under what circumstances a mark
might be used” did not limit the special statute governing wills. 54 Ariz. at
226. It reasoned that the purpose of the general definition statute was
satisfied for wills “in view of the fact that an instrument of this kind must
always have subscribing witnesses who can testify to the identity of the
testator.” Id. at 227. That reasoning, of course, does not apply to a
holographic will signed without witnesses. Section 1-215 provides that its
definitions apply to “the statutes and laws of this state, unless the context
otherwise requires,” and it is difficult to discern why the context of § 14-
2503 should require departure from the conditions that § 1-215 provides for
the use of a mark in place of a signature. Nonetheless, because we are
bound by Wilkins’ Estate, we assume that a mark need not satisfy § 1-215 to
qualify as a signature.

¶9 “XO” is not a signature in the usual sense. It is an
abbreviation, commonly appended to notes and messages, that symbolizes
“hugs and kisses.” See Peters v. Macchiaroli, 74 Ariz. 62, 66 (1952) (matters
of common knowledge are proper subject of judicial notice); see also XO,
Dictionary.com, https://www.dictionary.com/browse/XO (last visited
June 23, 2025) (“hugs and kisses”); X, Cambridge Dictionary,
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/x (last visited June
23, 2025) (“[U]sed at the end of an informal piece of writing to represent a
kiss[.]”); O, Oxford Eng. Dictionary, https://www.oed.com/dictionary/o_n5
(last visited June 23, 2025) (“Used to symbolize a hug, esp. at the end of a
letter, greeting card, or the like. Only in combination with x . . ., as in xox,
xoxo, etc.”). When “XO”—or any from among its vast array of playful
variants such as XOXO, XXX OOO, XOX, etc.—is used in this way, it is not
being used to authenticate a document. Its meaning instead expresses
affection, friendliness, familiarity, or other such sentiments that a
representation of “hugs and kisses” naturally invokes. Nothing about this
ordinary usage suggests an intent to validate the contents of a writing or
adopt it as the writer’s own.

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¶10 Levendis does not dispute that “XO” commonly means “hugs
and kisses,” but she asserts that Bixby used the mark on this occasion to
represent her signature, notwithstanding its other, more typical meaning.
In support of her argument, both on appeal and below, Levendis points to
evidence that Bixby intended Levendis to receive her estate. In other words,
Levendis urges testimonial intent. See Muder, 159 Ariz. at 175. At oral
argument, by contrast, the superior court suggested that the valid use of a
mark as a signature depended on signatory intent, not testimonial intent. It
noted the distinction between “an intent to have a testamentary
instrument” and “an intent to authenticate the document.” Levendis
suggested that distinction “might be splitting hairs” and that “the definition
of a signature” is satisfied whether the intent is “authenticating as a
signature or creating a testamentary document.” The court’s analysis was
correct. The crucial question is whether the mark evinces an intent to sign.
See Tyrrell’s Estate, 17 Ariz. at 425, 428; McIntosh, 213 Ariz. 579, ¶ 10.

¶11 Levendis notes that the “cross-mark,” written as an “X,” has
traditionally been used and accepted as a mark representing a signature,
despite the many other possible meanings of “X.” Levendis correctly
asserts that a mark need not take any particular form to serve as a valid
signature. See 79 Am. Jur. 2d Wills § 202 (2025) (no specific mark or symbol
necessary to execute valid signature on will). When Arizona courts have
approved the use of a mark as a signature, however, it has been in
circumstances where the nature of the mark and its context suggested the
mark had been placed with signatory intent. See Allstate, 228 Ariz. 145, ¶ 7;
McIntosh, 213 Ariz. 579, ¶ 10; Wilkins’ Estate, 54 Ariz. at 224.

¶12 For example, in Wilkins’ Estate, our supreme court found the
mark of “X” a valid signature on a purported will, even though the
testator’s name did not appear anywhere on the document. See 54 Ariz. at
220, 224-25. The cross-mark, however, has a long history of use and
recognition as a substitute for a signature, especially when the signer is
illiterate or unable to write. See, e.g., Cunningham v. Hallyburton, 174 N.E.
550, 552-53 (Ill. 1930) (cited in Wilkins’ Estate, 54 Ariz. at 223-25); Franklin v.
Martin, 73 S.W.2d 919, 919 (Tex. App. 1934); In re Dombrowski’s Estate, 125
P. 233, 234-35 (Cal. 1912); In re Corcoran’s Will, 129 N.Y.S. 165, 167-70 (N.Y.
App. Div. 1911). Levendis has identified no such history to support the use
of “XO” in similar fashion, and we have found none. Moreover, in Wilkins’
Estate, the will was dated and signed in the presence of witnesses, and the
cross-mark was placed at the end of the document beneath these words:
“Signed by my mark this 30th day of March, 1937; in presence of [named
witnesses].” 54 Ariz. at 220. The intent to sign was clear from the mark’s

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form, context, and placement on the document. Not so here. In this case,
neither the mark itself nor anything else written on the sticky notes
identifies the notes as belonging to Bixby, much less that she intended the
mark to authenticate them. Although Levendis points to Bixby’s placement
of the “XO” symbol at the end of the second sticky note, this placement
suggests nothing more than the common use of the symbol to represent
“hugs and kisses” at the end of a message.

¶13 In opposing summary judgment, Levendis offered numerous
examples of Bixby’s use of “XO” and similar combinations of X and O in
informal notes and messages. Levendis argues on appeal this evidence
supports an inference that Bixby used “XO” to represent her signature. We
disagree. Bixby might have adorned her letters, emails, and text messages
with hugs and kisses numbering in the hundreds or even thousands, but
the frequency and number of such affectionate expressions do not suggest
that Bixby ever used the same or similar symbols with an intent to
authenticate a document as her own. To the contrary, Bixby’s regular use
of those symbols, according to the typical fashion in which they are
commonly used, suggest that she intended them to express their ordinary
meaning as an abbreviation for “hugs and kisses.” None of the examples
in the record provide evidence that Bixby ever used Xs and Os with any
other meaning, much less that she intended the “XO” at issue in this case to
authenticate the sticky notes.

¶14 As we have explained, if a document does not satisfy the
statutory requirements, it fails as a will, even when testamentary intent is
clear. See Wilkins’ Estate, 54 Ariz. at 222; Tyrrell’s Estate, 17 Ariz. at 422.
Absent a signature for a holographic will under § 14-2503, we do not reach
the question of testamentary intent. Tyrrell’s Estate, 17 Ariz. at 422.
Testamentary intent, therefore, does not itself establish a mark as a
signature. The signatory intent to authenticate a document by signing it is
necessarily distinct from the testamentary intent to provide for the
disposition of property upon death. See id. at 428 (clarifying “a line of
demarcation between . . . the intent with which a purpose is expressed in a
duly executed and authenticated will” and the intent to sign the will as
required by law); see also In re Morrison’s Estate, 55 Ariz. 504, 509-10 (1940).

¶15 Signatory intent serves its own, separate function: it
authenticates a document as the signer’s own. See Restatement (Second) of
Contracts § 134; see also Wilkins’ Estate, 54 Ariz. at 221 (statutory
requirements enacted to reduce fraud and forgery in wills). It verifies both
that the signer is the one adopting the document and that the document

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expresses what the signer intends to adopt. See Wilkins’ Estate, 54 Ariz. at
227 (approving cross-mark in place of signature because “there is little or
no chance of fraud being perpetrated” when will is marked in presence of
“subscribing witnesses who can testify to the identity of the testator”);
Tyrrell’s Estate, 17 Ariz. at 427 (signature serves “to prevent any addition
being made to the will, after the testator had executed it”). There is no
doubt that an author may intend to sign a document, verifying its content
and adopting it as his own, yet without intending the document to serve as
his will. In the same way, an author may draft a document he hopes will
provide for disposition of his property upon his death, yet never place a
mark or signature upon the document with the intent to authenticate it. See
Tyrrell’s Estate, 17 Ariz. at 428.

¶16 In this case, nothing in the “XO” mark itself, the context of the
sticky notes, or the extrinsic evidence proffered by Levendis suggests that
Bixby intended to use that mark to authenticate the sticky notes as her own.
There is no meaningful evidence that the mark meant anything other than
“hugs and kisses,” and no reasonable person could conclude that Bixby
used the mark with signatory intent. Levendis’s assertion that Bixby
intended the mark as a signature is speculative, and such speculation
cannot defeat summary judgment. See Badia, 195 Ariz. 349, ¶ 29.

Disposition

¶17 We affirm the judgment of the superior court. In our
discretion, we deny the sisters’ request for attorney fees under A.R.S. § 12-
349. See Reynolds v. Reynolds, 231 Ariz. 313 ¶ 16 (App. 2013). As the
prevailing party on appeal, however, the sisters are entitled to their costs
upon compliance with Rule 21, Ariz. R. Civ. App. P. See A.R.S. § 12-341.

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