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¶9 “To establish a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) a duty requiring the defendant to conform to a certain standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that standard; (3) a causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual damages.” ¶ 9 (2007); see also McMurtry v. Weatherford Hotel, Inc., ¶ 22 (App. 2013) (explaining a plaintiff must put forward evidence establishing all the elements of actionable negligence to surviv

More specifically, Perez must plead and be able to prove Circle K owed a duty “to conform to a particular standard of conduct to protect her against unreasonable risks of harm.” ¶14 (2021) ( ¶¶ 9–10 (2007)).

(must prove duty to establish claim for negligence); (must prove duty when negligence is basis of infliction of emotional distress claim).

I. Negligence ¶15 Negligence requires proof of four elements: “(1) a duty requiring the defendant to conform to a certain standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that standard; (3) a causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual damages.” ¶ 9 (2007).

¶ 5 (2022) ( ¶ 9 (2007)).

¶10 “To establish a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) a duty requiring the defendant to conform to a certain standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that standard; (3) a causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual damages.” ¶ 9 (2007).

¶19 Generally, a duty is an “obligation, recognized by law, which requires the defendant to conform to a particular standard of conduct in order to protect others against unreasonable risks of harm.” ¶ 10 (2007) ( superseded by statute on other grounds as recognized in Maher v. United States, 56 F.3d 1039, 1042 n.4 (9th Cir. 1995)).

To prevail on a negligence claim, a party must prove “(1) a duty requiring the defendant to conform to a certain standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that standard; (3) a causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual damages.” ¶ 8 (App. 2020) ( ¶ 9 (2007)).

¶5 A negligence claim requires proof of four elements: “(1) a duty requiring the defendant to conform to a certain standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that standard; (3) a causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual damages.” ¶ 9 (2007).

See, ¶ 9 (2007); ¶ 6 (App. 2015); Boisson v. Ariz. Bd.

¶ 9 (2007); Dinsmoor, 251 Ariz. at 373, ¶ 14.

¶ 15 (2007) (“To clarify, we now expressly hold that foreseeability is not a factor to be considered by courts when making determinations of duty, and we reject any contrary suggestion in prior opinions.”).

¶11 “To establish a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) a duty requiring the defendant to conform to a certain standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that standard; (3) a causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual damages.” ¶ 9 (2007).

¶9 “To establish a claim for negligence, a plaintiff must prove four elements: (1) a duty requiring the defendant to conform to a certain standard of care; (2) a breach by the defendant of that standard; (3) a causal connection between the defendant’s conduct and the resulting injury; and (4) actual damages.” ¶ 9 (2007).

This includes “taking reasonable efforts to ascertain the identity of the named parties to the transaction.” ¶ 14 (App. 2007).1 Generally, “whether the defendant has met the standard of care—that is, whether there has been a breach of duty—is an issue of fact that turns on the specifics of the individual case.” ¶ 10 (2007).

¶10 Whether a duty exists “is a legal matter to be determined before the case-specific facts are considered.” ¶ 21 (2007).

¶ 9 (2007); (citing William L. Prosser, Handbook on the Law of Torts § 30, at 143 (4th ed. 1971); ).

¶12 Reed also asserts that the fees “had no reasonably foreseeable connection to the crime.” But Reed offers no authority suggesting that foreseeability, a concept found irrelevant to duty in civil negligence claims, ¶ 15 (2007), constrains statutory restitution in criminal cases.